von dem Hagen Elisabeth A H, Bright Naomi
School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4QH, UK.
MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK.
Autism Res. 2017 Feb;10(2):359-368. doi: 10.1002/aur.1666. Epub 2016 Jul 19.
Autism is characterised by difficulties in social functioning, notably in interactions with other people. Yet, most studies addressing social difficulties have used static images or, at best, videos of social stimuli, with no scope for real interaction. Here, we study one crucial aspect of social interactions-gaze behaviour-in an interactive setting. First, typical individuals were shown videos of an experimenter and, by means of a deception procedure, were either led to believe that the experimenter was present via a live video-feed or was pre-recorded. Participants' eye movements revealed that when passively viewing an experimenter they believed to be "live," they looked less at that person than when they believed the experimenter video was pre-recorded. Interestingly, this reduction in viewing behaviour in response to the believed "live" presence of the experimenter was absent in individuals high in autistic traits, suggesting a relative insensitivity to social presence alone. When participants were asked to actively engage in a real-time interaction with the experimenter, however, high autistic trait individuals looked significantly less at the experimenter relative to low autistic trait individuals. The results reinforce findings of atypical gaze behaviour in individuals high in autistic traits, but suggest that active engagement in a social interaction may be important in eliciting reduced looking. We propose that difficulties with the spatio-temporal dynamics associated with real social interactions rather than underlying difficulties processing the social stimulus itself may drive these effects. The results underline the importance of developing ecologically valid methods to investigate social cognition. Autism Res 2017, 10: 359-368. © 2016 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research.
自闭症的特征是社交功能存在障碍，尤其是在与他人互动方面。然而，大多数针对社交障碍的研究使用的是静态图像，或者充其量是社交刺激的视频，没有真正互动的空间。在此，我们在互动环境中研究社交互动的一个关键方面——注视行为。首先，向典型个体展示实验者的视频，并通过欺骗程序，让他们要么相信实验者通过实时视频传输在场，要么相信视频是预先录制的。参与者的眼球运动显示，当被动观看他们认为是“实时”的实验者时，他们看那个人的时间比认为实验者视频是预先录制时要少。有趣的是，在自闭症特征较高的个体中，这种因认为实验者“实时”在场而导致的观看行为减少并不存在，这表明他们仅对社交在场相对不敏感。然而，当要求参与者与实验者进行实时互动时，自闭症特征高的个体相对于自闭症特征低的个体，看实验者的时间明显减少。这些结果强化了自闭症特征高的个体存在非典型注视行为的研究发现，但表明积极参与社交互动可能对引发较少注视很重要。我们提出，与真实社交互动相关的时空动态方面的困难，而非处理社交刺激本身的潜在困难，可能导致了这些影响。结果强调了开发生态有效方法来研究社会认知的重要性。《自闭症研究》2017年，10: 359 - 368。© 2016作者。《自闭症研究》由威利期刊公司代表国际自闭症研究协会出版。
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