Saris W H, van Erp-Baart M A, Brouns F, Westerterp K R, ten Hoor F
Department of Human Biology, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Int J Sports Med. 1989 May;10 Suppl 1:S26-31. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024951.
Food intake and energy expenditure (EE) were studied in five cyclists during the 22-day race of the Tour de France. The course is about 4000 km including 30 mountain passages (up to 2700 m altitude) and can be considered as one of the most strenuous endurance endeavors. Nutritional intake was calculated from daily food records. EE was estimated from sleeping time and the low activity period. EE during cycling was predicted based on detailed information. Mean energy intake (EI) was 24.7 MJ with a highest mean daily EI of 32.4 MJ. Mean EE was 25.4 MJ with a highest mean daily EE of 32.7 MJ. Relative contribution of protein, CHO, and fat was 15, 62, and 23 En% resp. 49% of EI was taken during the race resulting in a CHO intake of 94 g.h-1 representing 69 en%. It is questioned whether this amount of CHO is optimal in relation to CHO oxidation and performance. About 30% from CHO intake came from CHO-rich liquids. High EI resulted in high Ca and Fe intake. For vitamins, especially B1, this relation was not found. Vitamin B1 nutrient density dropped to 0.25 mg/4.2 MJ during the race caused by a large intake of refined CHO-rich food items. However, vitamin supplementation was high. Daily water intake was 6.71 with extremes up to 11.81. Therefore, the strategy of intake of large quantities of CHO-rich liquids seems to be the appropriate answer to maintain energy and fluid balance under these extreme conditions.
在环法自行车赛22天的赛程中，对五名自行车运动员的食物摄入量和能量消耗（EE）进行了研究。赛程约4000公里，包括30个山口（海拔高达2700米），可被视为最艰苦的耐力赛事之一。根据每日饮食记录计算营养摄入量。根据睡眠时间和低活动期估算能量消耗。根据详细信息预测骑行过程中的能量消耗。平均能量摄入量（EI）为24.7兆焦耳，最高平均每日能量摄入量为32.4兆焦耳。平均能量消耗为25.4兆焦耳，最高平均每日能量消耗为32.7兆焦耳。蛋白质、碳水化合物（CHO）和脂肪的相对贡献分别为15、62和23能量百分比（En%）。49%的能量摄入量是在比赛期间摄入的，导致碳水化合物摄入量为94克·小时⁻¹，占能量的69%。就碳水化合物氧化和表现而言，这一碳水化合物量是否最佳值得质疑。约30%的碳水化合物摄入量来自富含碳水化合物的液体。高能量摄入量导致钙和铁的摄入量较高。对于维生素，尤其是维生素B1，未发现这种关系。由于大量摄入精制的富含碳水化合物的食物，比赛期间维生素B1的营养密度降至0.25毫克/4.2兆焦耳。然而，维生素补充量很高。每日饮水量为6.7升，极端情况下可达11.8升。因此，在这些极端条件下，大量摄入富含碳水化合物液体的策略似乎是维持能量和液体平衡的合适答案。
