Mann Thomas C, Ferguson Melissa J
Department of Psychology, Cornell University.
J Exp Soc Psychol. 2017 Jan;68:122-127. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.06.004. Epub 2016 Jun 23.
People are adept at forming impressions of others, but how easily can impressions be updated? Although implicit first impressions have been characterized as difficult to overturn, recent work shows that they can be reversed through reinterpretation of earlier learning. However, such reversal has been demonstrated only in the same experimental session in which the impression formed, suggesting that implicit updating might be possible only within a brief temporal window, before impressions are consolidated and when memory about the initial information is strongest. Implicit impressions may be unable to be revised when reinterpreting details are learned later, due to memory consolidation or forgetting of the details to be reinterpreted. This study tested whether implicit first impressions can be reversed through reinterpretation after a two-day delay following the initial formation. Results showed that implicit revision emerged after the delay, even among those with poor explicit recall or who were not cued to recall. We discuss implications for theory on impression formation and updating.
人们善于形成对他人的印象，但印象更新的难易程度如何呢？尽管内隐的第一印象被认为难以改变，但最近的研究表明，它们可以通过对早期学习内容的重新解读而被扭转。然而，这种逆转仅在形成印象的同一实验环节中得到了证明，这表明内隐更新可能仅在短暂的时间窗口内才有可能，即在印象巩固之前且对初始信息的记忆最强的时候。当在稍后学习重新解读的细节时，由于记忆巩固或对要重新解读的细节的遗忘，内隐印象可能无法被修正。本研究测试了在初始形成两天后，内隐的第一印象是否可以通过重新解读而被逆转。结果表明，即使在那些外显回忆能力较差或未被提示回忆的人中，延迟后也出现了内隐修正。我们讨论了这对印象形成和更新理论的启示。
