Botek Michal, Krejčí Jakub, McKune Andrew J, Klimešová Iva
Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, UC-Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia; Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
J Hum Kinet. 2016 Dec 15;54:65-74. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0035. eCollection 2016 Dec 1.
This cross-sectional study compared somatic, endurance performance determinants and heart rate variability (HRV) profiles of professional soccer players divided into different age groups: GI (17-19.9 years; n = 23), GII (20-24.9 years; n = 45), GIII (25-29.9 years; n = 30), and GIV (30-39 years; n = 26). Players underwent somatic and HRV assessment and maximal exercise testing. HRV was analyzed by spectral analysis of HRV, and high (HF) and low (LF) frequency power was transformed by a natural logarithm (Ln). Players in GIV (83 ± 7 kg) were heavier (p < 0.05) compared to both GI (73 ± 6 kg), and GII (78 ± 6 kg). Significantly lower maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, ml•kg•min) was observed for GIV (56.6 ± 3.8) compared to GI (59.6 ± 3.9), GII (59.4 ± 4.2) and GIV (59.7 ± 4.1). All agegroups, except for GII, demonstrated comparable relative maximal power output (Pmax). For supine HRV, significantly lower Ln HF (ms2) was identified in both GIII (7.1 ± 0.8) and GIV (6.9 ± 1.0) compared to GI (7.9 ± 0.6) and GII (7.7 ± 0.9). In conclusion, soccer players aged >25 years showed negligible differences in Pmax unlike the age group differences demonstrated in VO2max. A shift towards relative sympathetic dominance, particularly due to reduced vagal activity, was apparent after approximately 8 years of competing at the professional level.
这项横断面研究比较了分为不同年龄组的职业足球运动员的身体状况、耐力表现决定因素和心率变异性（HRV）特征：第一组（GI，17 - 19.9岁；n = 23）、第二组（GII，20 - 24.9岁；n = 45）、第三组（GIII，25 - 29.9岁；n = 30）和第四组（GIV，30 - 39岁；n = 26）。运动员接受了身体和HRV评估以及最大运动测试。通过HRV的频谱分析来分析HRV，高频（HF）和低频（LF）功率通过自然对数（Ln）进行转换。与第一组（73 ± 6 kg）和第二组（78 ± 6 kg）相比，第四组（83 ± 7 kg）的运动员体重更重（p < 0.05）。与第一组（59.6 ± 3.9）、第二组（59.4 ± 4.2）和第三组（59.7 ± 4.1）相比，第四组（56.6 ± 3.8）的最大摄氧量（VO2max，ml•kg•min）显著更低。除第二组外，所有年龄组的相对最大功率输出（Pmax）相当。对于仰卧位HRV，与第一组（7.9 ± 0.6）和第二组（7.7 ± 0.9）相比，第三组（7.1 ± 0.8）和第四组（6.9 ± 1.0）的Ln HF（ms2）显著更低。总之，与VO2max中表现出的年龄组差异不同，25岁以上的足球运动员在Pmax方面差异可忽略不计。在职业水平比赛约8年后，明显出现了向相对交感神经优势的转变，尤其是由于迷走神经活动减少。
