Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City C.P. 11340, Mexico.
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Pablo No. 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, Mexico City C.P. 02200, Mexico.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Apr 1;583:308-318. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.070. Epub 2017 Jan 20.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most commercialized nanomaterial worldwide, mainly due to their microbicidal activity. Although, AgNPs have been shown to be toxic to aquatic species, their effect on endemic fish, like Goodeidae, has not been demonstrated. Endemic species are under strong pressures by anthropogenic contamination and destruction of their habitat; therefore, we studied adult Chapalichthys pardalis, an endemic fish of Mexico. We evaluated the toxic effect of AgNPs through oxidative stress, macromolecular and metabolic biomarkers. We determined the LC (96h) and performed subchronic tests (21days) using sublethal AgNPs concentrations (equivalent to CL and CL). At the end of the bioassay, we quantified 10 stress biomarkers in the liver, gills, and muscle, including the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], and glutathione [GPx]), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), protein oxidation (CO), macromolecules (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates), and metabolites (glucose and lactate). In addition, we determined the integrated biomarkers response (IBR). LC was of 10.32mgL. Results of subchronic exposure (21days) revealed that AgNPs produce oxidative stress in C. pardalis adults, as evidenced by a diminution in antioxidant enzymes activity and an increase in TBARS and oxidized proteins. AgNPs also diminished levels of macromolecules and generated a high-energy consumption, reflected in the reduction of glucose levels, although lactate levels were not altered. The IBR analysis evidenced that the largest effect was produced in organisms exposed to LC, being the liver and gills the organs with the greatest damage. Results demonstrated that exposure to AgNPs induces acute and chronic toxic effects on C. pardalis and forewarns about the impact that these nanomaterials can exert on these ecologically relevant aquatic organisms.
银纳米颗粒（AgNPs）是全球商业化程度最高的纳米材料，主要归因于其杀菌活性。尽管已经证明 AgNPs 对水生物种具有毒性，但它们对地方特有鱼类（如 Goodeidae 科鱼类）的影响尚未得到证实。地方特有物种受到人为污染和栖息地破坏的强烈压力；因此，我们研究了墨西哥地方特有鱼类 Chapalichthys pardalis 的成年个体。我们通过氧化应激、大分子和代谢生物标志物来评估 AgNPs 的毒性效应。我们测定了 LC（96h），并使用亚致死 AgNPs 浓度（相当于 CL 和 CL）进行了亚慢性测试（21 天）。在生物测定结束时，我们在肝脏、鳃和肌肉中定量了 10 种应激生物标志物，包括抗氧化酶（超氧化物歧化酶[SOD]、过氧化氢酶[CAT]和谷胱甘肽[GPx]）、硫代巴比妥酸反应物质（TBARS）、蛋白质氧化（CO）、大分子（蛋白质、脂质和碳水化合物）和代谢物（葡萄糖和乳酸）。此外，我们还测定了综合生物标志物响应（IBR）。LC 为 10.32mg/L。亚慢性暴露（21 天）的结果表明，AgNPs 会导致 C. pardalis 成鱼产生氧化应激，这表现为抗氧化酶活性降低以及 TBARS 和氧化蛋白增加。AgNPs 还降低了大分子的水平，并产生了高能量消耗，这反映在葡萄糖水平降低，尽管乳酸水平没有改变。IBR 分析表明，LC 暴露组的生物体受到的影响最大，肝脏和鳃是受损最严重的器官。结果表明，AgNPs 暴露会对 C. pardalis 产生急性和慢性毒性效应，并警告这些纳米材料对这些具有生态相关性的水生生物可能产生的影响。
