Perakakis Nikolaos, Triantafyllou Georgios A, Fernández-Real José Manuel, Huh Joo Young, Park Kyung Hee, Seufert Jochen, Mantzoros Christos S
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, University of Girona, Emili Grahit Street, 17003 Girona, Spain.
Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017 Jun;13(6):324-337. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.221. Epub 2017 Feb 17.
Irisin is a myokine that leads to increased energy expenditure by stimulating the 'browning' of white adipose tissue. In the first description of this hormone, increased levels of circulating irisin, which is cleaved from its precursor fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, were associated with improved glucose homeostasis by reducing insulin resistance. Consequently, several studies attempted to characterize the role of irisin in glucose regulation, but contradictory results have been reported, and even the existence of this hormone has been questioned. In this Review, we present the current knowledge on the physiology of irisin and its role in glucose homeostasis. We describe the mechanisms involved in the synthesis, secretion, circulation and regulation of irisin, and the controversies regarding the measurement of irisin. We also discuss the direct effects of irisin on glucose regulatory mechanisms in different organs, the indirect effects and interactions with other hormones, and the important open questions with regard to irisin in those organs. Finally, we present the results from animal interventional studies and from human clinical studies investigating the association of irisin with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome.
鸢尾素是一种肌动蛋白，可通过刺激白色脂肪组织的“褐变”来增加能量消耗。在对这种激素的首次描述中，循环鸢尾素水平升高（其从含III型纤连蛋白结构域的前体蛋白5裂解而来）与通过降低胰岛素抵抗改善葡萄糖稳态有关。因此，多项研究试图阐明鸢尾素在葡萄糖调节中的作用，但报道的结果相互矛盾，甚至这种激素的存在也受到质疑。在本综述中，我们介绍了关于鸢尾素生理学及其在葡萄糖稳态中作用的当前知识。我们描述了鸢尾素合成、分泌、循环和调节所涉及的机制，以及鸢尾素测量方面的争议。我们还讨论了鸢尾素对不同器官葡萄糖调节机制的直接影响、间接影响以及与其他激素的相互作用，以及关于这些器官中鸢尾素的重要悬而未决的问题。最后，我们展示了动物干预研究和人体临床研究的结果，这些研究调查了鸢尾素与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、2型糖尿病和代谢综合征之间的关联。
