Bornstein Marc H, Putnick Diane L, Lansford Jennifer E, Al-Hassan Suha M, Bacchini Dario, Bombi Anna Silvia, Chang Lei, Deater-Deckard Kirby, Di Giunta Laura, Dodge Kenneth A, Malone Patrick S, Oburu Paul, Pastorelli Concetta, Skinner Ann T, Sorbring Emma, Steinberg Laurence, Tapanya Sombat, Tirado Liliana Maria Uribe, Zelli Arnaldo, Alampay Liane Peña
Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017 Aug;58(8):880-892. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12705. Epub 2017 Feb 28.
Most studies of the effects of parental religiousness on parenting and child development focus on a particular religion or cultural group, which limits generalizations that can be made about the effects of parental religiousness on family life.
We assessed the associations among parental religiousness, parenting, and children's adjustment in a 3-year longitudinal investigation of 1,198 families from nine countries. We included four religions (Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, and Islam) plus unaffiliated parents, two positive (efficacy and warmth) and two negative (control and rejection) parenting practices, and two positive (social competence and school performance) and two negative (internalizing and externalizing) child outcomes. Parents and children were informants.
Greater parent religiousness had both positive and negative associations with parenting and child adjustment. Greater parent religiousness when children were age 8 was associated with higher parental efficacy at age 9 and, in turn, children's better social competence and school performance and fewer child internalizing and externalizing problems at age 10. However, greater parent religiousness at age 8 was also associated with more parental control at age 9, which in turn was associated with more child internalizing and externalizing problems at age 10. Parental warmth and rejection had inconsistent relations with parental religiousness and child outcomes depending on the informant. With a few exceptions, similar patterns of results held for all four religions and the unaffiliated, nine sites, mothers and fathers, girls and boys, and controlling for demographic covariates.
Parents and children agree that parental religiousness is associated with more controlling parenting and, in turn, increased child problem behaviors. However, children see religiousness as related to parental rejection, whereas parents see religiousness as related to parental efficacy and warmth, which have different associations with child functioning. Studying both parent and child views of religiousness and parenting are important to understand the effects of parental religiousness on parents and children.
大多数关于父母宗教信仰对养育子女及儿童发展影响的研究都聚焦于某一特定宗教或文化群体，这限制了对父母宗教信仰对家庭生活影响的普遍概括。
在一项对来自九个国家的1198个家庭进行的为期三年的纵向调查中，我们评估了父母宗教信仰、养育方式与儿童适应情况之间的关联。我们纳入了四种宗教（天主教、新教、佛教和伊斯兰教）以及无宗教信仰的父母，两种积极的养育方式（效能感和温暖）和两种消极的养育方式（控制和拒绝），以及两种积极的儿童结果（社交能力和学业成绩）和两种消极的儿童结果（内化问题和外化问题）。父母和孩子作为信息提供者。
父母宗教信仰程度较高与养育方式及儿童适应情况存在正负两方面的关联。孩子8岁时父母宗教信仰程度较高与孩子9岁时父母更高的效能感相关，进而与孩子10岁时更好的社交能力、学业成绩以及更少的内化和外化问题相关。然而，孩子8岁时父母宗教信仰程度较高也与孩子9岁时父母更多的控制相关，这反过来又与孩子10岁时更多的内化和外化问题相关。父母的温暖和拒绝与父母宗教信仰及儿童结果之间的关系因信息提供者的不同而不一致。除了少数例外情况，所有四种宗教以及无宗教信仰者、九个地点、母亲和父亲、女孩和男孩的结果模式相似，且在控制人口统计学协变量后依然如此。
父母和孩子都认为父母宗教信仰与更多的控制型养育方式相关，进而导致孩子问题行为增加。然而，孩子认为宗教信仰与父母的拒绝相关，而父母认为宗教信仰与父母的效能感和温暖相关，这与儿童功能的关联有所不同。研究父母和孩子对宗教信仰及养育方式的看法对于理解父母宗教信仰对父母和孩子的影响很重要。
