Alicandro Gianfranco, Tavani Alessandra, La Vecchia Carlo
aDepartment of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan bDepartment of Epidemiology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy.
Eur J Cancer Prev. 2017 Sep;26(5):424-432. doi: 10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000341.
We reviewed available evidence on coffee drinking and the risk of all cancers and selected cancers updated to May 2016. Coffee consumption is not associated with overall cancer risk. A meta-analysis reported a pooled relative risk (RR) for an increment of 1 cup of coffee/day of 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99-1.01] for all cancers. Coffee drinking is associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer. A meta-analysis of cohort studies found an RR for an increment of consumption of 1 cup/day of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.81-0.90) for liver cancer and a favorable effect on liver enzymes and cirrhosis. Another meta-analysis showed an inverse relation for endometrial cancer risk, with an RR of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.88-0.96) for an increment of 1 cup/day. A possible decreased risk was found in some studies for oral/pharyngeal cancer and for advanced prostate cancer. Although data are mixed, overall, there seems to be some favorable effect of coffee drinking on colorectal cancer in case-control studies, in the absence of a consistent relation in cohort studies. For bladder cancer, the results are not consistent; however, any possible direct association is not dose and duration related, and might depend on a residual confounding effect of smoking. A few studies suggest an increased risk of childhood leukemia after maternal coffee drinking during pregnancy, but data are limited and inconsistent. Although the results of studies are mixed, the overall evidence suggests no association of coffee intake with cancers of the stomach, pancreas, lung, breast, ovary, and prostate overall. Data are limited, with RR close to unity for other neoplasms, including those of the esophagus, small intestine, gallbladder and biliary tract, skin, kidney, brain, thyroid, as well as for soft tissue sarcoma and lymphohematopoietic cancer.
我们回顾了截至2016年5月关于咖啡饮用与所有癌症及特定癌症风险的现有证据。咖啡饮用与总体癌症风险无关。一项荟萃分析报告称，每天多喝1杯咖啡，所有癌症的合并相对风险（RR）为1.00 [95%置信区间（CI）：0.99 - 1.01]。咖啡饮用与肝癌风险降低有关。一项队列研究的荟萃分析发现，每天多喝1杯咖啡，肝癌的RR为0.85（95% CI：0.81 - 0.90），且对肝脏酶和肝硬化有有益影响。另一项荟萃分析显示，子宫内膜癌风险呈负相关，每天多喝1杯咖啡的RR为0.92（95% CI：0.88 - 0.96）。一些研究发现，口腔/咽喉癌和晚期前列腺癌的风险可能降低。尽管数据不一，但总体而言，在病例对照研究中，咖啡饮用似乎对结直肠癌有一些有益影响，而在队列研究中未发现一致的关联。对于膀胱癌，结果不一致；然而，任何可能的直接关联与剂量和持续时间无关，可能取决于吸烟的残余混杂效应。一些研究表明，孕期母亲喝咖啡会增加儿童白血病风险，但数据有限且不一致。尽管研究结果不一，但总体证据表明，咖啡摄入量与胃癌、胰腺癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌和前列腺癌总体无关联。数据有限，其他肿瘤（包括食管癌、小肠癌、胆囊和胆道癌、皮肤癌、肾癌、脑癌、甲状腺癌）以及软组织肉瘤和淋巴造血系统癌症的RR接近1。
