Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.
Eur J Epidemiol. 2016 Sep;31(9):905-16. doi: 10.1007/s10654-016-0142-x. Epub 2016 Mar 24.
An association between coffee consumption and cancer has long been investigated. Coffee consumption among Norwegian women is high, thus this is a favorable population in which to study the impact of coffee on cancer incidence. Information on coffee consumption was collected from 91,767 women at baseline in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study. These information were applied until follow-up information on coffee consumption, collected 6-8 years after baseline, became available. Multiple imputation was performed as a method for dealing with missing data. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) for breast, colorectal, lung, and ovarian cancer, as well as cancer at any site. We observed a 17 % reduced risk of colorectal cancer (HR = 0.83, 95 % CI 0.70-0.98, p trend across categories of consumption = 0.10) and a 9 % reduced risk of cancer at any site (HR = 0.91, 95 % CI 0.86-0.97, p trend = 0.03) in women who drank more than 3 and up to 7 cups/day, compared to women who drank ≤1 cup/day. A significantly increased risk of lung cancer was observed with a heavy coffee consumption (>7 vs. ≤1 cup/day HR = 2.01, 95 % CI 1.47-2.75, p trend < 0.001). This was most likely caused by residual confounding due to smoking, as no statistically significant association was observed in never smokers (>5 vs. ≤1 cup/day HR = 1.42, 95 % CI 0.44-4.57, p trend = 0.30). No significant association was found between coffee consumption and the risk of breast or ovarian cancer. In this study, coffee consumption was associated with a modest reduced risk of cancer at any site. Residual confounding due to smoking may have contributed to the positive association between high coffee consumption and the risk of lung cancer.
长期以来，人们一直在研究咖啡消费与癌症之间的关联。挪威女性的咖啡消费量很高，因此这是一个研究咖啡对癌症发病率影响的有利人群。在挪威妇女与癌症研究中，在基线时从 91767 名女性那里收集了有关咖啡消费的信息。这些信息应用于基线后 6-8 年收集的有关咖啡消费的随访信息。采用多重插补作为处理缺失数据的方法。使用多变量 Cox 回归模型计算乳腺癌、结直肠癌、肺癌和卵巢癌以及任何部位癌症的风险比 (HR)。我们发现，与每天饮用≤1 杯咖啡的女性相比，每天饮用 3 杯至 7 杯咖啡的女性结直肠癌风险降低 17%（HR=0.83，95%CI 0.70-0.98，p 趋势=0.10），任何部位癌症风险降低 9%（HR=0.91，95%CI 0.86-0.97，p 趋势=0.03）。与每天饮用≤1 杯咖啡的女性相比，大量饮用咖啡（>7 杯/天与≤1 杯/天 HR=2.01，95%CI 1.47-2.75，p 趋势<0.001）的女性患肺癌的风险显著增加。这很可能是由于吸烟引起的残余混杂所致，因为从不吸烟者（>5 杯/天与≤1 杯/天 HR=1.42，95%CI 0.44-4.57，p 趋势=0.30）中未观察到统计学上显著的相关性。咖啡消费与乳腺癌或卵巢癌风险之间没有显著关联。在这项研究中，咖啡消费与任何部位癌症的风险适度降低相关。吸烟引起的残余混杂可能导致高咖啡消费与肺癌风险之间的正相关。
