Power Michael L, Quaglieri Caroline, Schulkin Jay
1 Research Department, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC, USA.
2 Nutrition Laboratory, Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
Reprod Sci. 2017 Nov;24(11):1482-1492. doi: 10.1177/1933719117698577. Epub 2017 Mar 21.
Almost every part of our body has a coevolved microbial community. The expressed microbial genes comprise the various microbiomes that play important roles in normal physiology and development. The various microbiomes are separate, yet often connected, with the species composition of one affecting others. The female reproductive system microbiomes (eg, vaginal, placental, and mammary/milk) remain less well explored than the gut microbiome although they comprise a large proportion of the female microbial network. This review examines the evidence for interconnectivity between the female reproductive microbiomes, other maternal microbiomes, and developing infant microbiomes and the potential roles of each in health and disease. Disruptions in maternal microbiomes may be linked to pregnancy complications and maternal, fetal, and neonatal health. The diversity of the vaginal microbiome's makeup, which appears to vary across ethnicity, has led researchers to reconsider the idea of a "healthy" or "normal" vaginal microbial community. Less is known about the possible placental microbiome, although an association between the placenta's bacterial makeup and preterm labor and other pregnancy complications is being investigated. The mammary/milk microbiome appears to be influenced by maternal characteristics and may play a role in inoculating the infant but may also be affected by the infant's oral microbiome. Probiotic therapies such as "vaginal seeding" offer potential health benefits but require more rigorous testing. Exploring the reproductive microbiomes in detail and pairing this information with an individual's detailed medical history will provide a more complete picture of the status and importance of the microbial network to health.
我们身体的几乎每个部位都有一个共同进化的微生物群落。所表达的微生物基因构成了各种微生物组，它们在正常生理和发育中发挥着重要作用。各种微生物组是相互独立的，但又常常相互联系，其中一个的物种组成会影响其他微生物组。尽管女性生殖系统微生物组（如阴道、胎盘和乳腺/乳汁微生物组）占女性微生物网络的很大一部分，但与肠道微生物组相比，对它们的研究仍较少。本文综述了女性生殖微生物组、其他母体微生物组与发育中的婴儿微生物组之间相互联系的证据，以及它们各自在健康和疾病中的潜在作用。母体微生物组的破坏可能与妊娠并发症以及母体、胎儿和新生儿健康有关。阴道微生物组组成的多样性似乎因种族而异，这促使研究人员重新审视“健康”或“正常”阴道微生物群落的概念。关于胎盘微生物组的可能性了解较少，不过胎盘细菌组成与早产及其他妊娠并发症之间的关联正在研究中。乳腺/乳汁微生物组似乎受母体特征影响，可能在接种婴儿方面发挥作用，但也可能受婴儿口腔微生物组影响。诸如“阴道播种”之类的益生菌疗法具有潜在的健康益处，但需要更严格的测试。详细探索生殖微生物组并将这些信息与个人详细病史相结合，将更全面地了解微生物网络对健康的状况和重要性。
