Downey Liam, Crowder Kyle, Kemp Robert J
Department of Sociology, Ketchum 195, UCB 327, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309.
Department of Sociology, 211 Savery Hall, Box 353340, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3340.
J Marriage Fam. 2017 Apr;79(2):535-555. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12355. Epub 2016 Sep 16.
This study combines micro-level data on families with children from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics with neighborhood-level industrial hazard data from the Environmental Protection Agency and neighborhood-level U.S. census data to examine both the association between family structure and residential proximity to neighborhood pollution and the micro-level, residential mobility processes that contribute to differential pollution proximity across family types. Results indicate the existence of significant family structure differences in household proximity to industrial pollution in U.S. metropolitan areas between 1990 and 1999, with single-mother and single-father families experiencing neighborhood pollution levels that are on average 46% and 26% greater, respectively, than those experienced by two-parent families. Moreover, the pollution gap between single-mother and two-parent families persists with controls for household and neighborhood socioeconomic, sociodemographic, and race/ethnic characteristics. Examination of underlying migration patterns reveals that single-mother, single-father, and two-parent families are equally likely to move in response to pollution. However, mobile single-parent families move into neighborhoods with significantly higher pollution levels than do mobile two-parent families. Thus, family structure differences in pollution proximity are maintained more by these destination neighborhood differences than by family structure variations in the likelihood of moving out of polluted neighborhoods.
本研究将收入动态面板研究中有关有子女家庭的微观层面数据与美国环境保护局的邻里层面工业危害数据以及美国人口普查邻里层面数据相结合，以考察家庭结构与居住环境靠近邻里污染之间的关联，以及导致不同家庭类型在污染暴露程度上存在差异的微观层面居住流动性过程。结果表明，1990年至1999年期间，美国大都市地区家庭在靠近工业污染程度方面存在显著的家庭结构差异，单亲母亲家庭和单亲父亲家庭所经历的邻里污染水平分别比双亲家庭平均高出46%和26%。此外，在对家庭和邻里的社会经济、社会人口统计学以及种族/族裔特征进行控制后，单亲母亲家庭和双亲家庭之间的污染差距依然存在。对潜在迁移模式的考察表明，单亲母亲家庭、单亲父亲家庭和双亲家庭因污染而迁移的可能性相同。然而，流动的单亲家庭迁入的社区污染水平明显高于流动的双亲家庭。因此，污染暴露程度方面的家庭结构差异更多是由这些迁入社区的差异造成的，而非迁出污染社区可能性方面的家庭结构差异。
