Bogard Jessica R, Farook Sami, Marks Geoffrey C, Waid Jillian, Belton Ben, Ali Masum, Toufique Kazi, Mamun Abdulla, Thilsted Shakuntala H
School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
PLoS One. 2017 Apr 6;12(4):e0175098. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175098. eCollection 2017.
Malnutrition is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century, with one in three people in the world malnourished, combined with poor diets being the leading cause of the global burden of disease. Fish is an under-recognised and undervalued source of micronutrients, which could play a more significant role in addressing this global challenge. With rising pressures on capture fisheries, demand is increasingly being met from aquaculture. However, aquaculture systems are designed to maximise productivity, with little consideration for nutritional quality of fish produced. A global shift away from diverse capture species towards consumption of few farmed species, has implications for diet quality that are yet to be fully explored. Bangladesh provides a useful case study of this transition, as fish is the most important animal-source food in diets, and is increasingly supplied from aquaculture. We conducted a temporal analysis of fish consumption and nutrient intakes from fish in Bangladesh, using nationally representative household expenditure surveys from 1991, 2000 and 2010 (n = 25,425 households), combined with detailed species-level nutrient composition data. Fish consumption increased by 30% from 1991-2010. Consumption of non-farmed species declined by 33% over this period, compensated (in terms of quantity) by large increases in consumption of farmed species. Despite increased total fish consumption, there were significant decreases in iron and calcium intakes from fish (P<0.01); and no significant change in intakes of zinc, vitamin A and vitamin B12 from fish, reflecting lower overall nutritional quality of fish available for consumption over time. Our results challenge the conventional narrative that increases in food supply lead to improvements in diet and nutrition. As aquaculture becomes an increasingly important food source, it must embrace a nutrition-sensitive approach, moving beyond maximising productivity to also consider nutritional quality. Doing so will optimise the complementary role that aquaculture and capture fisheries play in improving nutrition and health.
营养不良是21世纪最大的挑战之一，全球三分之一的人口营养不良，不良饮食是全球疾病负担的主要原因。鱼类是一种未得到充分认识和重视的微量营养素来源，在应对这一全球挑战方面可以发挥更重要的作用。随着捕捞渔业压力的增加，水产养殖越来越多地满足了需求。然而，水产养殖系统旨在最大限度地提高生产力，很少考虑所产鱼类的营养质量。全球范围内从多样化的捕捞物种转向少数养殖物种的消费，对饮食质量产生了尚未得到充分探索的影响。孟加拉国提供了这一转变的一个有益案例研究，因为鱼类是饮食中最重要的动物源性食物，并且越来越多地由水产养殖供应。我们利用1991年、2000年和2010年具有全国代表性的家庭支出调查（n = 25425户家庭），结合详细的物种水平营养成分数据，对孟加拉国的鱼类消费和鱼类营养摄入量进行了时间分析。1991年至2010年期间，鱼类消费量增加了30%。在此期间，非养殖物种的消费量下降了33%，养殖物种消费量的大幅增加（在数量方面）对此起到了弥补作用。尽管鱼类总消费量有所增加，但从鱼类中摄入的铁和钙却显著减少（P<0.01）；从鱼类中摄入的锌、维生素A和维生素B12没有显著变化, 这反映出随着时间的推移，可供消费的鱼类总体营养质量较低。我们的研究结果挑战了传统观念，即食物供应的增加会导致饮食和营养的改善。随着水产养殖成为越来越重要的食物来源，它必须采用营养敏感型方法，超越提高生产力的范畴，还要考虑营养质量。这样做将优化水产养殖和捕捞渔业在改善营养和健康方面所发挥的互补作用。
