Klingeborn Mikael, Dismuke W Michael, Bowes Rickman Catherine, Stamer W Daniel
Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Prog Retin Eye Res. 2017 Jul;59:158-177. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.04.004. Epub 2017 Apr 29.
Exosomes are nanometer-sized vesicles that are released by cells in a controlled fashion and mediate a plethora of extra- and intercellular activities. Some key functions of exosomes include cell-cell communication, immune modulation, extracellular matrix turnover, stem cell division/differentiation, neovascularization and cellular waste removal. While much is known about their role in cancer, exosome function in the many specialized tissues of the eye is just beginning to undergo rigorous study. Here we review current knowledge of exosome function in the visual system in the context of larger bodies of data from other fields, in both health and disease. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in the exosome field including use of exosomes as a therapeutic vehicle, exosomes as a source of biomarkers for disease, plus current standards for isolation and validation of exosome populations. Finally, we use this foundational information about exosomes in the eye as a platform to identify areas of opportunity for future research studies.
外泌体是纳米级的囊泡，由细胞以可控方式释放，并介导大量细胞外和细胞间活动。外泌体的一些关键功能包括细胞间通讯、免疫调节、细胞外基质周转、干细胞分裂/分化、新血管形成和细胞废物清除。虽然人们对外泌体在癌症中的作用了解很多，但外泌体在眼睛许多特殊组织中的功能才刚刚开始受到严格研究。在此，我们结合来自其他领域关于健康和疾病的大量数据，综述视觉系统中外泌体功能的现有知识。此外，我们讨论外泌体领域的最新进展，包括将外泌体用作治疗载体、外泌体作为疾病生物标志物的来源，以及外泌体群体分离和验证的当前标准。最后，我们将关于眼睛中外泌体的这一基础信息作为一个平台，来确定未来研究的机会领域。
