Thursby Elizabeth, Juge Nathalie
The Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, U.K.
Biochem J. 2017 May 16;474(11):1823-1836. doi: 10.1042/BCJ20160510.
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbours a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms, the gut microbiota, which exert a marked influence on the host during homeostasis and disease. Multiple factors contribute to the establishment of the human gut microbiota during infancy. Diet is considered as one of the main drivers in shaping the gut microbiota across the life time. Intestinal bacteria play a crucial role in maintaining immune and metabolic homeostasis and protecting against pathogens. Altered gut bacterial composition (dysbiosis) has been associated with the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases and infections. The interpretation of these studies relies on a better understanding of inter-individual variations, heterogeneity of bacterial communities along and across the GI tract, functional redundancy and the need to distinguish cause from effect in states of dysbiosis. This review summarises our current understanding of the development and composition of the human GI microbiota, and its impact on gut integrity and host health, underlying the need for mechanistic studies focusing on host-microbe interactions.
人类胃肠道中寄居着复杂多样且动态变化的微生物群体，即肠道微生物群，它们在宿主的稳态和疾病过程中发挥着显著影响。多种因素促成了婴儿期人类肠道微生物群的建立。饮食被认为是一生中塑造肠道微生物群的主要驱动因素之一。肠道细菌在维持免疫和代谢稳态以及抵御病原体方面发挥着关键作用。肠道细菌组成的改变（生态失调）与许多炎症性疾病和感染的发病机制有关。这些研究的解读依赖于对个体间差异、胃肠道沿线及不同部位细菌群落的异质性、功能冗余以及区分生态失调状态下因果关系的更好理解。本综述总结了我们目前对人类胃肠道微生物群的发育、组成及其对肠道完整性和宿主健康影响的理解，强调了开展聚焦于宿主 - 微生物相互作用的机制研究的必要性。
