Kim Eun-Mi, Jeong Hwan-Jeong
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju-si, Jellaabuk-Do Republic of Korea.
Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017 Jun;51(2):106-117. doi: 10.1007/s13139-016-0435-8. Epub 2016 Aug 9.
Nanotechnology is the engineering and manipulation of materials and devices with sizes in the nanometer range. Colloidal gold, iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dot semiconductor nanocrystals are examples of nanoparticles, with sizes generally ranging from 1 to 20 nm. These nanotechnologies have been researched tremendously in the last decade and this has led to a new area of "nanomedicine" which is the application of nanotechnology to human health-care for diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, prediction and prevention of diseases. Recently progress has been made in overcoming some of the difficulties in the human use of nanomedicines. In the mid-1990s, Doxil was approved by the FDA, and now various nanoconstructs are on the market and in clinical trials. However, there are many obstacles in the human application of nanomaterials. For translation to clinical use, a detailed understanding is needed of the chemical and physical properties of particles and their pharmacokinetic behavior in the body, including their biodistribution, toxicity, and biocompatibility. In this review, we provide a broad introduction to nanomedicines and discuss the preclinical and clinical trials in which they have been evaluated.
纳米技术是对尺寸在纳米范围内的材料和器件进行工程设计与操控。胶体金、氧化铁纳米颗粒和量子点半导体纳米晶体都是纳米颗粒的例子，其尺寸通常在1到20纳米之间。在过去十年里，这些纳米技术得到了广泛研究，这催生了一个新的“纳米医学”领域，即纳米技术在人类医疗保健中的应用，用于疾病的诊断、监测、治疗、预测和预防。最近，在克服纳米药物在人体应用中的一些困难方面取得了进展。在20世纪90年代中期，多西紫杉醇脂质体（Doxil）获得了美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）的批准，现在各种纳米结构体已投放市场并进入临床试验阶段。然而，纳米材料在人体应用中存在许多障碍。为了转化为临床应用，需要详细了解颗粒的化学和物理性质及其在体内的药代动力学行为，包括它们的生物分布、毒性和生物相容性。在这篇综述中，我们对纳米药物进行了广泛介绍，并讨论了对它们进行评估的临床前和临床试验。
