Garman Elspeth F, Weik Martin
Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
Institut de Biologie Structurale, University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044, Grenoble, France.
Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1607:467-489. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7000-1_20.
Radiation damage inflicted on macromolecular crystals during X-ray diffraction experiments remains a limiting factor for structure solution, even when samples are cooled to cryotemperatures (~100 K). Efforts to establish mitigation strategies are ongoing and various approaches, summarized below, have been investigated over the last 15 years, resulting in a deeper understanding of the physical and chemical factors affecting damage rates. The recent advent of X-ray free electron lasers permits "diffraction-before-destruction" by providing highly brilliant and short (a few tens of fs) X-ray pulses. New fourth generation synchrotron sources now coming on line with higher X-ray flux densities than those available from third generation synchrotrons will bring the issue of radiation damage once more to the fore for structural biologists.
即使将样品冷却至低温（约100K），X射线衍射实验期间对大分子晶体造成的辐射损伤仍然是结构解析的一个限制因素。目前正在努力制定缓解策略，并且在过去15年里已经研究了下面总结的各种方法，从而更深入地了解影响损伤率的物理和化学因素。最近X射线自由电子激光的出现，通过提供高亮度和短（几十飞秒）的X射线脉冲实现了“破坏前衍射”。新一代正在投入使用的第四代同步辐射源具有比第三代同步辐射源更高的X射线通量密度，这将使辐射损伤问题再次成为结构生物学家关注的焦点。
