Mourya Devendra T, Yadav Pragya D, Patil Deepak Y
Maximum Containment Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
WHO South East Asia J Public Health. 2014 Jan-Mar;3(1):8-21. doi: 10.4103/2224-3151.206890.
Ticks are distributed worldwide and can harbourand transmit a range of pathogenic microorganisms that affect livestock and humans. Most tick-borne diseases are caused by tick-borne viruses. Two major tick-borne virus zoonotic diseases, Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), are notifiable in India and are associated with highmortality rates. KFD virus was first identified in 1957 in Karnataka state; the tick Haemaphysalis spinigera is the main vector. During 2012-2013, cases were reported from previouslyunaffected areas in Karnataka, and newer areas of Kerala and Tamil Nadu states. These reports may be the result of improved active surveillance or may reflect altered virus transmission because of environmental change. CCHF is distributed in Asia, Africa and some part of Europe; Hyalomma spp. ticks are the main vectors. The existence of CCHF in India was first confirmed in 2011 in Gujaratstate. In 2013, a non-nosocomial CCHF outbreak in Amreli district, as well as positive tick, animal and human samples in various areas of Gujarat state, suggested that the virus is widespread in Gujarat state, India. The emergence of KFDand CCHF in various Indian states emphasizes the need for nationwide surveillance among animals and humans. There is a need for improved diagnostic facilities, more containment laboratories, better public awareness, and implementation ofthorough tick control in affected areas during epidemics.
蜱虫分布于全球，可携带并传播一系列影响家畜和人类的致病微生物。大多数蜱传疾病由蜱传病毒引起。印度将两种主要的蜱传病毒人畜共患病——凯萨努尔森林病（KFD）和克里米亚-刚果出血热（CCHF）列为应报告疾病，它们的死亡率很高。KFD病毒于1957年在卡纳塔克邦首次被发现；长刺血蜱是主要传播媒介。在2012 - 2013年期间，卡纳塔克邦此前未受影响的地区以及喀拉拉邦和泰米尔纳德邦的新地区都报告了病例。这些报告可能是主动监测改善的结果，也可能反映了由于环境变化导致的病毒传播改变。CCHF分布于亚洲、非洲和欧洲的一些地区；璃眼蜱属蜱虫是主要传播媒介。印度CCHF的存在于2011年在古吉拉特邦首次得到证实。2013年，阿梅雷利区发生了一起非医院感染的CCHF疫情，以及古吉拉特邦各地区的蜱虫、动物和人类样本呈阳性，这表明该病毒在印度古吉拉特邦广泛传播。KFD和CCHF在印度各邦的出现凸显了在全国范围内对动物和人类进行监测的必要性。需要改善诊断设施、增加隔离实验室、提高公众意识，并在疫情期间在受影响地区全面实施蜱虫控制措施。
