Cacho Nicole Theresa, Lawrence Robert M
Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
Front Immunol. 2017 May 29;8:584. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00584. eCollection 2017.
Human milk is a dynamic source of nutrients and bioactive factors; unique in providing for the human infant's optimal growth and development. The growing infant's immune system has a number of developmental immune deficiencies placing the infant at increased risk of infection. This review focuses on how human milk directly contributes to the infant's innate immunity. Remarkable new findings clarify the multifunctional nature of human milk bioactive components. New research techniques have expanded our understanding of the potential for human milk's effect on the infant that will never be possible with milk formulas. Human milk microbiome directly shapes the infant's intestinal microbiome, while the human milk oligosaccharides drive the growth of these microbes within the gut. New techniques such as genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and glycomics are being used to describe this symbiotic relationship. An expanded role for antimicrobial proteins/peptides within human milk in innate immune protection is described. The unique milieu of enhanced immune protection with diminished inflammation results from a complex interaction of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative factors provided by human milk to the intestine. New data support the concept of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue and its contribution to the cellular content of human milk. Human milk stem cells (hMSCs) have recently been discovered. Their direct role in the infant for repair and regeneration is being investigated. The existence of these hMSCs could prove to be an easily harvested source of multilineage stem cells for the study of cancer and tissue regeneration. As the infant's gastrointestinal tract and immune system develop, there is a comparable transition in human milk over time to provide fewer immune factors and more calories and nutrients for growth. Each of these new findings opens the door to future studies of human milk and its effect on the innate immune system and the developing infant.
母乳是营养物质和生物活性因子的动态来源；在为人类婴儿提供最佳生长发育方面独具特色。成长中婴儿的免疫系统存在一些发育性免疫缺陷，使婴儿面临更高的感染风险。本综述重点关注母乳如何直接促进婴儿的先天免疫。显著的新发现阐明了母乳生物活性成分的多功能性质。新的研究技术拓展了我们对母乳对婴儿潜在影响的理解，而这是配方奶永远无法做到的。母乳微生物群直接塑造婴儿的肠道微生物群，而母乳中的低聚糖则推动这些微生物在肠道内生长。基因组学、代谢组学、蛋白质组学和糖组学等新技术正被用于描述这种共生关系。本文还描述了母乳中抗菌蛋白/肽在先天免疫保护中的扩展作用。母乳为肠道提供的抗炎和抗氧化因子之间的复杂相互作用，产生了增强免疫保护且炎症减轻的独特环境。新数据支持黏膜相关淋巴组织的概念及其对母乳细胞成分的贡献。最近发现了母乳干细胞（hMSCs）。它们在婴儿体内修复和再生方面的直接作用正在研究中。这些hMSCs的存在可能被证明是一种易于获取的多谱系干细胞来源，可用于癌症和组织再生研究。随着婴儿胃肠道和免疫系统的发育，母乳也会随时间发生相应转变，以提供较少的免疫因子，而更多的热量和营养用于生长。这些新发现中的每一项都为未来关于母乳及其对先天免疫系统和发育中婴儿影响的研究打开了大门。
