Brinkman Nichole E, Fout G Shay, Keely Scott P
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
mSphere. 2017 Jun 14;2(3). doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00099-17. eCollection 2017 May-Jun.
Enteroviruses are RNA viruses that are responsible for both mild gastroenteritis and mild respiratory illnesses as well as debilitating diseases such as meningitis and myocarditis. The disease burden of enteroviruses in the United States is difficult to assess because most infections are not recorded. Since infected individuals shed enterovirus in feces and urine, surveillance of municipal wastewater can reveal the diversity of enteroviruses circulating in human populations. Therefore, monthly municipal wastewater samples were collected for 1 year and enteroviruses were quantified by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR and identified by next-generation, high-throughput sequencing. Enterovirus concentrations ranged from 3.8 to 5.9 log equivalent copies/liter in monthly samples. From the mean monthly concentration, it can be estimated that 2.8% of the contributing population was shedding enterovirus daily. Sequence analysis showed that and alternate in predominance, with comprising over 80% of the reads during the summer and fall months and accounting for >45% of the reads in spring. was observed throughout the year, while was present intermittently. Principal-component analysis further supported the date corresponding to enterovirus seasonal trends as CVA6 () was predominant in the spring months; CVB3, CVB5, and E9 () were predominant in the summer and fall months; and CVA1, CVA19, and CVA22 () and EV97 () were predominant in winter. Rhinoviruses were also observed. Wastewater monitoring of human enterovirus provided improved insight into the seasonal patterns of enteroviruses circulating in communities and can contribute to understanding of enterovirus disease burden. Enterovirus infections are often not tracked or reported to health officials. This makes it hard to know how many people in a community are infected with these viruses at any given time. Here, we explored enterovirus in municipal wastewater to look at this issue. We show that enteroviruses are present year-round in municipal wastewater at levels of up to 800,000 genomic copies per liter. We estimate that, on average, 2.8% of the people contributing to the wastewater shed enterovirus daily. Sequence analysis of the viral capsid protein 4 gene shows that 8 enterovirus types are key drivers of seasonal trends. Populations of members peak in the spring, while types are most prevalent during the summer and fall months and members influence the winter months. was observed sporadically and did not influence seasonal trends.
肠道病毒是一种RNA病毒，可导致轻度肠胃炎和轻度呼吸道疾病，以及诸如脑膜炎和心肌炎等使人虚弱的疾病。在美国，肠道病毒的疾病负担难以评估，因为大多数感染没有记录。由于受感染个体通过粪便和尿液排出肠道病毒，对城市污水的监测可以揭示在人群中传播的肠道病毒的多样性。因此，在1年的时间里每月收集城市污水样本，并通过逆转录定量PCR对肠道病毒进行定量，通过下一代高通量测序进行鉴定。每月样本中肠道病毒浓度范围为3.8至5.9 log当量拷贝/升。根据月平均浓度，可以估计有2.8%的污水排放人群每天排出肠道病毒。序列分析表明，[病毒类型1]和[病毒类型2]交替占主导地位，[病毒类型1]在夏季和秋季月份占读数的80%以上，[病毒类型2]在春季占读数的45%以上。[病毒类型3]全年都有发现，而[病毒类型4]间歇性出现。主成分分析进一步支持了与肠道病毒季节性趋势对应的日期，因为CVA6（[病毒类型1]）在春季月份占主导地位；CVB3、CVB5和E9（[病毒类型2]）在夏季和秋季月份占主导地位；CVA1、CVA19和CVA22（[病毒类型3]）以及EV97（[病毒类型4]）在冬季占主导地位。还观察到了鼻病毒。对人类肠道病毒的污水监测有助于更好地了解社区中传播的肠道病毒的季节性模式，并有助于了解肠道病毒的疾病负担。肠道病毒感染通常不会被追踪或报告给卫生官员。这使得很难知道在任何给定时间社区中有多少人感染了这些病毒。在这里，我们探索了城市污水中的肠道病毒以研究这个问题。我们表明，肠道病毒全年存在于城市污水中，浓度高达每升800,000个基因组拷贝。我们估计，平均而言，排放污水的人群中有2.8%的人每天排出肠道病毒。对病毒衣壳蛋白4基因的序列分析表明，8种肠道病毒类型是季节性趋势的关键驱动因素。[病毒类型1]成员的数量在春季达到峰值，而[病毒类型2]类型在夏季和秋季月份最为普遍，[病毒类型3]成员影响冬季月份。[病毒类型4]偶尔出现，不影响季节性趋势。
