School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2017 Aug;7(4):558-570. doi: 10.1007/s13346-017-0400-9.
Veterinary vaccine development has several similarities with human vaccine development to improve the overall health and well-being of species. However, veterinary goals lean more toward feasible large-scale administration methods and low cost to high benefit immunization. Since the respiratory mucosa is easily accessible and most infectious agents begin their infection cycle at the mucosa, immunization through the respiratory route has been a highly attractive vaccine delivery strategy against infectious diseases. Additionally, vaccines administered via the respiratory mucosa could lower costs by removing the need of trained medical personnel, and lowering doses yet achieving similar or increased immune stimulation. The respiratory route often brings challenges in antigen delivery efficiency with enough potency to induce immunity. Nanoparticle (NP) technology has been shown to enhance immune activation by producing higher antibody titers and protection. Although specific mechanisms between NPs and biological membranes are still under investigation, physical parameters such as particle size and shape, as well as biological tissue distribution including mucociliary clearance influence the protection and delivery of antigens to the site of action and uptake by target cells. For respiratory delivery, various biomaterials such as mucoadhesive polymers, lipids, and polysaccharides have shown enhanced antibody production or protection in comparison to antigen alone. This review presents promising NPs administered via the nasal or pulmonary routes for veterinary applications specifically focusing on livestock animals including poultry.
兽医疫苗的开发与人类疫苗的开发有许多相似之处，都是为了提高物种的整体健康和福祉。然而，兽医疫苗的目标更倾向于可行的大规模管理方法和低成本高收益的免疫接种。由于呼吸道黏膜易于接近，并且大多数传染性病原体都从黏膜开始其感染周期，因此通过呼吸道免疫接种已成为针对传染病的极具吸引力的疫苗输送策略。此外，通过呼吸道接种疫苗可以降低成本，无需训练有素的医务人员，并且降低剂量仍能达到相似或增强的免疫刺激。呼吸道途径在提供足够效力以诱导免疫的抗原传递效率方面带来了挑战。纳米颗粒（NP）技术已被证明通过产生更高的抗体滴度和保护来增强免疫激活。尽管 NP 与生物膜之间的具体机制仍在研究中，但物理参数（如粒径和形状）以及包括黏液纤毛清除在内的生物组织分布都会影响抗原在作用部位的保护和传递以及被靶细胞摄取。对于呼吸道给药，与单独的抗原相比，各种生物材料（如黏膜黏附聚合物、脂质和多糖）已显示出增强的抗体产生或保护作用。本综述介绍了通过鼻腔或肺部途径给药的有前途的 NP，专门针对包括家禽在内的牲畜等兽医应用。
