Aleksic Brankica, Draghi Marjorie, Ritoux Sebastien, Bailly Sylviane, Lacroix Marlène, Oswald Isabelle P, Bailly Jean-Denis, Robine Enric
Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
French Environment and Energy Management Agency, Angers, France.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017 Aug 1;83(16). doi: 10.1128/AEM.01001-17. Print 2017 Aug 15.
Many fungi can develop on building material in indoor environments if the moisture level is high enough. Among species that are frequently observed, some are known to be potent mycotoxin producers. This presence of toxinogenic fungi in indoor environments raises the question of the possible exposure of occupants to these toxic compounds by inhalation after aerosolization. This study investigated mycotoxin production by , , and during their growth on wallpaper and the possible subsequent aerosolization of produced mycotoxins from contaminated substrates. We demonstrated that mycophenolic acid, sterigmatocystin, and macrocyclic trichothecenes (sum of 4 major compounds) could be produced at levels of 1.8, 112.1, and 27.8 mg/m, respectively, on wallpaper. Moreover, part of the produced toxins could be aerosolized from the substrate. The propensity for aerosolization differed according to the fungal species. Thus, particles were aerosolized from wallpaper contaminated with when an air velocity of just 0.3 m/s was applied, whereas required an air velocity of 5.9 m/s. was intermediate, since aerosolization occurred under an air velocity of 2 m/s. Quantification of the toxic content revealed that toxic load was mostly associated with particles of size ≥3 μm, which may correspond to spores. However, some macrocyclic trichothecenes (especially satratoxin H and verrucarin J) can also be found on smaller particles that can deeply penetrate the respiratory tract upon inhalation. These elements are important for risk assessment related to moldy environments. The possible colonization of building material by toxinogenic fungi in cases of moistening raises the question of the subsequent exposure of occupants to aerosolized mycotoxins. In this study, we demonstrated that three different toxinogenic species produce mycotoxins during their development on wallpaper. These toxins can subsequently be aerosolized, at least partly, from moldy material. This transfer to air requires air velocities that can be encountered under real-life conditions in buildings. Most of the aerosolized toxic load is found in particles whose size corresponds to spores or mycelium fragments. However, some toxins were also found on particles smaller than spores that are easily respirable and can deeply penetrate the human respiratory tract. All of these data are important for risk assessment related to fungal contamination of indoor environments.
如果湿度足够高，许多真菌可在室内环境中的建筑材料上生长。在常见的真菌物种中，有些已知是强效霉菌毒素产生菌。室内环境中这些产毒素真菌的存在引发了一个问题，即居住者在雾化后通过吸入可能接触到这些有毒化合物。本研究调查了 、 和 在壁纸生长过程中霉菌毒素的产生情况，以及受污染底物上产生的霉菌毒素随后可能的雾化情况。我们证明，霉酚酸、 sterigmatocystin 和大环单端孢霉烯族毒素（4 种主要化合物的总和）在壁纸上的产生水平分别可达 1.8、112.1 和 27.8 毫克/平方米。此外，部分产生的毒素可从底物雾化。雾化倾向因真菌种类而异。因此，当施加仅 0.3 米/秒的风速时，受 污染的壁纸会产生颗粒雾化，而 则需要 5.9 米/秒的风速。 处于中间水平，因为在 2 米/秒的风速下会发生雾化。对有毒成分的定量分析表明，有毒负荷主要与尺寸≥3 微米的颗粒有关，这可能对应于孢子。然而，在较小颗粒上也可发现一些大环单端孢霉烯族毒素（尤其是 satratoxin H 和 verrucarin J），这些颗粒在吸入时可深入呼吸道。这些因素对于与发霉环境相关的风险评估很重要。在潮湿情况下，产毒素真菌对建筑材料的可能定殖引发了居住者随后接触雾化霉菌毒素的问题。在本研究中，我们证明三种不同的产毒素物种在壁纸生长过程中产生霉菌毒素。这些毒素随后至少部分可从发霉材料中雾化。这种向空气中的转移需要在建筑物实际生活条件下可能遇到的风速。大部分雾化的有毒负荷存在于尺寸与孢子或菌丝体片段对应的颗粒中。然而，在小于孢子的颗粒上也发现了一些毒素，这些颗粒易于吸入且可深入人体呼吸道。所有这些数据对于与室内环境真菌污染相关的风险评估都很重要。
