Kalinina Svetlana A, Jagels Annika, Cramer Benedikt, Geisen Rolf, Humpf Hans-Ulrich
Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany.
NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
Toxins (Basel). 2017 Jul 1;9(7):210. doi: 10.3390/toxins9070210.
Filamentous fungi produce a multitude of secondary metabolites, some of them known as mycotoxins, which are toxic to vertebrates and other animal groups in low concentrations. Among them, penitrems, which belong to the group of indole-diterpene mycotoxins, are synthesized by Penicillium and Aspergillus genera and exhibit potent tremorgenic effects. This is the first complex study of the penitrems A-F production under the influence of different abiotic factors, e.g., media, incubation time, temperature, pH, light, water activity, and carbon and nitrogen source as well as oxidative and salt stress. For this purpose, penitrems A-F were isolated from Penicillium crustosum cultures and used as analytical standards. Among the carbon sources, glucose supplemented to the media at the concentration of 50 g/L, showed the strongest inducing effect on the biosynthesis of penitrems. Among nitrogen sources, glutamate was found to be the most favorable supplement, significantly increasing production of these secondary metabolites. CuSO4-promoted oxidative stress was also shown to remarkably stimulate biosynthesis of all penitrems. In contrast, the salt stress, caused by the elevated concentrations of NaCl, showed an inhibitory effect on the penitrem biosynthesis. Finally, cheese model medium elicited exceptionally high production of all members of the penitrems family. Obtained results give insides into the biosynthesis of toxicologically relevant penitrems A-F under different environmental factors and can be utilized to prevent food contamination.
丝状真菌会产生大量次生代谢产物，其中一些被称为霉菌毒素，在低浓度下对脊椎动物和其他动物群体有毒。其中，属于吲哚-二萜类霉菌毒素的青霉震颤素由青霉属和曲霉属合成，并具有强烈的震颤作用。这是首次在不同非生物因素（如培养基、培养时间、温度、pH值、光照、水分活度、碳源和氮源以及氧化应激和盐胁迫）影响下对青霉震颤素A-F的产生进行的综合研究。为此，从 crustosum青霉培养物中分离出青霉震颤素A-F并用作分析标准品。在碳源中，以50 g/L的浓度添加到培养基中的葡萄糖对青霉震颤素的生物合成显示出最强的诱导作用。在氮源中，谷氨酸被发现是最有利的补充物，能显著增加这些次生代谢产物的产量。CuSO4引发的氧化应激也被证明能显著刺激所有青霉震颤素的生物合成。相反，由NaCl浓度升高引起的盐胁迫对青霉震颤素的生物合成有抑制作用。最后，奶酪模型培养基能使青霉震颤素家族的所有成员产生异常高的产量。所得结果为不同环境因素下与毒理学相关的青霉震颤素A-F的生物合成提供了见解，可用于预防食品污染。
