1. University of Texas Health Science Center - School of Public Health, Austin Regional Campus, Austin, TX, USA.
2. Centro de Investigación de la Epidemia de Tabaquismo, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Glob Health Promot. 2019 Jun;26(2):15-24. doi: 10.1177/1757975917703302. Epub 2017 Jul 13.
This qualitative research study investigated intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors that shape young adolescent tobacco use behaviors in Uruguay. Focus groups were conducted in the summer of 2012 and fall of 2013 in four secondary schools in Montevideo, Uruguay, including two private schools and two public schools. A total of four focus groups were led in each school, composed of 4-6 students each, 16 focus groups in total. Data analysis utilized NVivo software and included deductive and inductive content analysis. Overwhelmingly, students reported that the onset of smoking occurred in the second year of secondary school. The primary intrapersonal factors that were found to be universal among respondents identified that smoking was a performance in groups, to garner attention from their peers. Students interviewed most often stated that the greatest interpersonal factors for smoking were to look older, as a rite of passage, and for group membership. Environmental factors cited most often indicate that they smoked during unsupervised time, either at night or around the short Uruguayan school day. Focus group interviews revealed that adolescents had easy access to cigarettes for purchase through small family owned grocery stores, even though laws exist preventing the sale of cigarettes to minors. Few differences were cited between strata related to cigarette use in adolescents. The differences that do exist are most apparent across gender, though there were a few observed differences when stratified by public and private school. Findings from this study indicate that key factors across ecological levels (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental) should be taken into consideration when designing tobacco prevention programs for youth in Uruguay. A multiple-component approach which addresses risk factors at all of these levels, implemented in schools, may be particularly well-suited to this setting.
本定性研究调查了乌拉圭青少年烟草使用行为的个体内部、人际和环境因素。2012 年夏天和 2013 年秋天，在蒙得维的亚的四所中学（包括两所私立学校和两所公立学校）进行了焦点小组讨论。每所学校总共进行了四个焦点小组讨论，每个小组由 4-6 名学生组成，总共 16 个焦点小组。数据分析采用 NVivo 软件，包括演绎和归纳内容分析。学生们压倒性地报告说，吸烟始于中学第二年。在受访者中发现的普遍存在的主要个体内部因素是，吸烟是一种群体行为，旨在引起同龄人的注意。接受采访的学生最常表示，吸烟的最大人际因素是看起来更年长，作为成年礼，以及为了团体成员身份。最常提到的环境因素表明，他们在无人监督的时间吸烟，无论是在晚上还是在短时间的乌拉圭学校日期间。焦点小组访谈显示，青少年可以通过小型家庭拥有的杂货店轻松购买香烟，尽管存在禁止向未成年人出售香烟的法律。与青少年吸烟相关的阶层之间很少有差异。确实存在的差异在性别之间最为明显，尽管在公立和私立学校分层时观察到了一些差异。这项研究的结果表明，在为乌拉圭的青少年设计烟草预防计划时，应考虑生态层次（个体内部、人际和环境）的关键因素。在学校实施的针对所有这些层面风险因素的多组分方法可能特别适合这种情况。
