Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China.
Chem Soc Rev. 2017 Oct 2;46(19):6024-6045. doi: 10.1039/c7cs00219j.
Conventional cancer chemotherapy is often associated with toxicity issues. Thus, new drug delivery systems (DDSs) are developed as alternatives owing to their potential to selectively target affected cells while sparing normal tissues. Among them, noninvasive and biocompatible mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)-based targeted DDSs have developed rapidly. In particular, controlled gatekeepers capping the pore entrances of MSNs play prominent and crucial roles in achieving specific drug release and avoiding premature leakage in the delivery process before the target is reached, and perfect gatekeepers can only be removed under specific internal or external stimuli, such as pH, redox potential, temperature, biomolecules, light, magnetic field and ultrasound, or a combination of these stimuli, which is significant for precise therapeutic treatments and potential applications in human bodies. Thus, the main focus of this review is to highlight the most recent progress on the design of various controlled MSN gatekeepers to achieve 'zero premature release' drug delivery. The diverse gatekeepers are categorised into the following kinds according to their types and characteristics: (1) polymers; (2) inorganic nanomaterials; (3) host-guest assemblies; and (4) biomacromolecules. This review will offer a broad palette of opportunities for researchers with interests including nanomaterial fabrication and modification, targeted drug delivery and stimuli-responsive drug release.
传统癌症化疗常伴有毒性问题。因此，新的药物输送系统（DDS）作为替代品得到了发展，因为它们有可能选择性地靶向受影响的细胞，同时保护正常组织。其中，非侵入性和生物相容性介孔硅纳米颗粒（MSN）为基础的靶向 DDS 发展迅速。特别是，控制门控物覆盖 MSN 的孔入口在实现特定药物释放和避免在到达目标之前的输送过程中过早泄漏方面发挥着突出和关键的作用，而完美的门控物只能在特定的内部或外部刺激下被去除，如 pH 值、氧化还原电位、温度、生物分子、光、磁场和超声，或这些刺激的组合，这对于精确的治疗和在人体中的潜在应用具有重要意义。因此，本综述的重点是强调设计各种控制 MSN 门控物以实现“零过早释放”药物输送的最新进展。根据其类型和特性，这些多样化的门控物可分为以下几类：（1）聚合物；（2）无机纳米材料；（3）主客体组装；和（4）生物大分子。本综述将为对纳米材料制备和修饰、靶向药物输送和刺激响应性药物释放感兴趣的研究人员提供广泛的机会。
