Luna Karlos, Martín-Luengo Beatriz, Albuquerque Pedro B
1 Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
2 Center for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University-Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2018 Jul;71(7):1626-1636. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2017.1343362. Epub 2018 Jan 1.
Past research has shown that the perceptual characteristics of studied items (e.g., font size) lead to a metamemory illusion, and that delayed judgements of learning (JOLs) are better predictors of memory performance than immediate JOLs. Here, we tested whether delayed JOLs could reduce or eliminate the effect of perceptual characteristics on JOLs and restudy decisions. We adopted a meta-analytic approach and analysed the results of 28 experiments in which participants' studied items were presented in either large or small font. JOLs and, sometimes, restudy decisions were collected either immediately or after a delay. Finally, participants completed a memory test. The results of the meta-analyses confirmed the effect of the font size on JOLs and restudy decisions. The delayed procedures reliably reduced the effect of perceptual characteristics on JOLs, but the effect was still significant after a delay. For restudy decisions, delayed procedures only reduced numerically the effect. Surprisingly, the meta-analysis also showed a very subtle memory advantage for items presented in large font over small font, although no individual study showed a significant difference and the overall effect size was small. One plausible explanation is that after a delay, information about font size is not available for some items, causing a reduction in the effect. Moreover, our results suggest that the dissociation between memory and metamemory reported previously may not be dissociation at all, but a mistmatched effect of font size on memory and metamemory.
过去的研究表明，所学项目的感知特征（如字体大小）会导致元记忆错觉，并且学习判断（JOLs）的延迟判断比即时JOLs更能预测记忆表现。在此，我们测试了延迟JOLs是否能减少或消除感知特征对JOLs和重新学习决策的影响。我们采用了元分析方法，分析了28项实验的结果，在这些实验中，参与者所学项目以大字体或小字体呈现。JOLs以及有时的重新学习决策在即时或延迟后收集。最后，参与者完成了一项记忆测试。元分析结果证实了字体大小对JOLs和重新学习决策的影响。延迟程序可靠地减少了感知特征对JOLs的影响，但延迟后该影响仍然显著。对于重新学习决策，延迟程序仅在数值上减少了该影响。令人惊讶的是，元分析还显示，大字体呈现的项目比小字体呈现的项目有非常细微的记忆优势，尽管没有单个研究显示出显著差异且总体效应量较小。一个合理的解释是，延迟后，一些项目的字体大小信息不可用，导致影响减小。此外，我们的结果表明，先前报道的记忆与元记忆之间的分离可能根本不是分离，而是字体大小对记忆和元记忆的不匹配效应。
