Franceschi Claudio, Salvioli Stefano, Garagnani Paolo, de Eguileor Magda, Monti Daniela, Capri Miriam
Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna IRCCS, Bologna, Italy.
Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Front Immunol. 2017 Aug 15;8:982. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00982. eCollection 2017.
Owing to its memory and plasticity, the immune system (IS) is capable of recording all the immunological experiences and stimuli it was exposed to. The combination of type, dose, intensity, and temporal sequence of antigenic stimuli that each individual is exposed to has been named "immunobiography." This immunological history induces a lifelong continuous adaptation of the IS, which is responsible for the capability to mount strong, weak or no response to specific antigens, thus determining the large heterogeneity of immunological responses. In the last years, it is becoming clear that memory is not solely a feature of adaptive immunity, as it has been observed that also innate immune cells are provided with a sort of memory, dubbed "trained immunity." In this review, we discuss the main characteristics of trained immunity as a possible contributor to inflammaging within the perspective of immunobiography, with particular attention to the phenotypic changes of the cell populations known to be involved in trained immunity. In conclusion, immunobiography emerges as a pervasive and comprehensive concept that could help in understanding and interpret the individual heterogeneity of immune responses (to infections and vaccinations) that becomes particularly evident at old age and could affect immunosenescence and inflammaging.
由于其记忆性和可塑性，免疫系统能够记录其接触到的所有免疫经历和刺激。每个个体所接触的抗原刺激的类型、剂量、强度和时间顺序的组合被称为“免疫传记”。这种免疫历史诱导免疫系统进行终身持续适应，而免疫系统负责对特定抗原产生强、弱或无反应的能力，从而决定了免疫反应的巨大异质性。近年来，越来越清楚的是，记忆并非适应性免疫的唯一特征，因为已经观察到先天免疫细胞也具有一种被称为“训练免疫”的记忆。在这篇综述中，我们从免疫传记的角度讨论训练免疫作为炎症衰老可能促成因素的主要特征，特别关注已知参与训练免疫的细胞群体的表型变化。总之，免疫传记作为一个普遍且全面的概念出现，它有助于理解和解释免疫反应（对感染和疫苗接种）的个体异质性，这种异质性在老年时尤为明显，并且可能影响免疫衰老和炎症衰老。
