Liu Zijun, Wang Yu, Pan Xiaoxuan, Ge Qinya, Ma Qinglin, Li Qiang, Fu Tongtong, Hu Cuiting, Zhu Xudong, Pan Jiao
Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China.
Chinese Academy of Cultural HeritageBeijing, China.
Front Microbiol. 2017 Aug 24;8:1633. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01633. eCollection 2017.
The Mausoleum of the Dingtao King (termed 'M2') is a large-scale tomb that dates to the Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-25 A.D.). It is the highest-ranking Han Dynasty tomb discovered to date. However, biodeterioration on the surface of the tomb M2 is causing severe damage to its wooden materials. The aim of the present study was to give insight into the fungal communities colonized the wooden tomb. For this purpose, seven samples were collected from different sections of the tomb M2 which exhibited obvious biodeterioration in the form of white spots. Microbial structures associated with the white spots were observed with scanning electron microscopy. Fungal community structures were assessed for seven samples via a combination of high-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent techniques. Sequencing analyses identified 114 total genera that belonged to five fungal phyla. was the most abundant genus across all samples and accounted for 98.61-99.45% of the total community composition. Further, sp. and sp. cultures were successfully isolated from the tomb samples, and were distinguished as sp. WY-DT1 and sp. NK-DT1, respectively. Cultivation-dependent experiments indicated that the dominant member, sp. WY- DT1, could grow at low temperatures and significantly degraded cellulose and lignin. Thus, our results taken together suggest that this fungal strain must be regarded as a serious threat to the preservation of the wooden tomb M2. The results reported here are useful for informing future contamination mitigation efforts for the tomb M2 as well as other similar cultural artifacts.
定陶王陵墓（称为“M2”）是一座可追溯到西汉时期（公元前206年 - 公元25年）的大型墓葬。它是迄今为止发现的等级最高的汉代墓葬。然而，M2墓表面的生物劣化正在对其木质材料造成严重破坏。本研究的目的是深入了解定殖在木质墓葬中的真菌群落。为此，从M2墓的不同部位采集了7个样本，这些部位呈现出明显的以白斑形式存在的生物劣化现象。通过扫描电子显微镜观察了与白斑相关的微生物结构。采用高通量测序和依赖培养技术相结合的方法对7个样本的真菌群落结构进行了评估。测序分析确定了总共114个属，它们属于5个真菌门。 是所有样本中最丰富的属，占总群落组成的98.61 - 99.45%。此外，从墓葬样本中成功分离出了 菌和 菌培养物，并分别鉴定为 菌WY - DT1和 菌NK - DT1。依赖培养的实验表明，优势成员 菌WY - DT1能够在低温下生长，并显著降解纤维素和木质素。因此，我们的研究结果共同表明，这种真菌菌株必须被视为对M2木质墓葬保存的严重威胁。这里报告的结果有助于为未来M2墓以及其他类似文物的污染缓解工作提供参考。
