Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Microbiome. 2017 Sep 26;5(1):128. doi: 10.1186/s40168-017-0347-6.
Microorganisms influence the chemical milieu of their environment, and chemical metabolites can affect ecological processes. In built environments, where people spend the majority of their time, very little is known about how surface-borne microorganisms influence the chemistry of the indoor spaces. Here, we applied multidisciplinary approaches to investigate aspects of chemical microbiology in a house.
We characterized the microbial and chemical composition of two common and frequently wet surfaces in a residential setting: kitchen sink and bathroom shower. Microbial communities were studied using culture-dependent and independent techniques, including targeting RNA for amplicon sequencing. Volatile and soluble chemicals from paired samples were analyzed using state-of-the-art techniques to explore the links between the observed microbiota and chemical exudates.
Microbial analysis revealed a rich biological presence on the surfaces exposed in kitchen sinks and bathroom shower stalls. Microbial composition, matched for DNA and RNA targets, varied by surface type and sampling period. Bacteria were found to have an average of 25× more gene copies than fungi. Biomass estimates based on qPCR were well correlated with measured total volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. Abundant VOCs included products associated with fatty acid production. Molecular networking revealed a diversity of surface-borne compounds that likely originate from microbes and from household products.
Microbes played a role in structuring the chemical profiles on and emitted from kitchen sinks and shower stalls. Microbial VOCs (mVOCs) were predominately associated with the processing of fatty acids. The mVOC composition may be more stable than that of microbial communities, which can show temporal and spatial variation in their responses to changing environmental conditions. The mVOC output from microbial metabolism on kitchen sinks and bathroom showers should be apparent through careful measurement, even against a broader background of VOCs in homes, some of which may originate from microbes in other locations within the home. A deeper understanding of the chemical interactions between microbes on household surfaces will require experimentation under relevant environmental conditions, with a finer temporal resolution, to build on the observational study results presented here.
微生物会影响其所处环境的化学环境，而化学代谢物会影响生态过程。在人们大部分时间都在的建筑环境中，人们对表面微生物如何影响室内空间的化学性质知之甚少。在这里，我们应用多学科方法研究了房屋内表面微生物化学的各个方面。
我们对住宅环境中两种常见且经常潮湿的表面（厨房水槽和浴室淋浴）的微生物和化学成分进行了表征。使用包括针对扩增子测序的靶向 RNA 的培养依赖和独立技术来研究微生物群落。使用最先进的技术分析配对样本中的挥发性和可溶性化学物质，以探索观察到的微生物群落与化学分泌物之间的联系。
微生物分析揭示了厨房水槽和浴室淋浴间暴露表面丰富的生物存在。微生物组成与 DNA 和 RNA 靶标匹配，因表面类型和采样时间而异。细菌的基因拷贝数平均比真菌多 25 倍。基于 qPCR 的生物量估计与测量的总挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 排放高度相关。丰富的 VOC 包括与脂肪酸产生相关的产物。分子网络揭示了可能源自微生物和家用产品的多种表面附着化合物。
微生物在厨房水槽和淋浴间的表面化学特征和排放物结构中发挥了作用。微生物 VOC（mVOC）主要与脂肪酸的处理有关。mVOC 组成可能比微生物群落更稳定，微生物群落对环境条件变化的响应可能具有时间和空间上的差异。通过仔细测量，即使在家庭中其他位置的微生物产生的 VOC 背景下，从厨房水槽和浴室淋浴器上微生物代谢产生的 mVOC 也应该很明显，其中一些可能源自家庭中的其他位置的微生物。要深入了解家庭表面微生物之间的化学相互作用，需要在相关环境条件下进行实验，以更精细的时间分辨率进行实验，以建立在此处呈现的观察研究结果的基础上。
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