School of Nutrition & Health Promotion, Arizona State University, 500 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
Calcif Tissue Int. 2018 Apr;102(4):443-479. doi: 10.1007/s00223-017-0339-3. Epub 2017 Oct 27.
Increasing interest in functional foods has driven discovery in the area of bioactive compounds. Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrate compounds that, when consumed, elicit health benefits and aid in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. While prebiotics have been shown to improve a number of chronic, inflammatory conditions, growing evidence exists for prebiotic effects on calcium metabolism and bone health. These novel dietary fibers have been shown to increase calcium absorption in the lower intestines of both preclinical and human models. Rodent models have also been imperative for understanding prebiotic effects on bone mineral density and measures of skeletal strength. Although fewer data are available for humans, bone-related prebiotic effects exist across the lifecycle, suggesting benefits for attainment of peak bone mass during adolescence and minimized bone resorption among postmenopausal women. These effects are thought to occur through prebiotic-microbe interactions in the large intestine. Current prebiotic mechanisms for improved mineral absorption and skeletal health include alterations in gut microbiota composition, production of short-chain fatty acids, altered intestinal pH, biomarker modification, and immune system regulation. While the majority of available data support improved mineral bioavailability, emerging evidence suggests alternate microbial roles and the presence of an intricate gut-bone signaling axis. Overall, the current scientific literature supports prebiotic consumption as a cost-effective and sustainable approach for improved skeletal health and/or fracture prevention. The goal of this review is to discuss both foundational and recent research in the area of prebiotics, mineral metabolism, and bone health.
人们对功能性食品的兴趣日益浓厚，这推动了生物活性化合物领域的发现。益生元是一种不可消化的碳水化合物，当被摄入时，可以带来健康益处，并有助于预防和治疗慢性疾病。虽然益生元已被证明可以改善许多慢性炎症性疾病，但越来越多的证据表明它们对钙代谢和骨骼健康有影响。这些新型膳食纤维已被证明可以增加临床前和人体模型中肠道下部的钙吸收。啮齿动物模型对于理解益生元对骨矿物质密度和骨骼强度指标的影响也至关重要。尽管人类的数据较少，但骨骼相关的益生元作用存在于整个生命周期中，这表明在青春期获得峰值骨量和减少绝经后妇女的骨吸收都有益处。这些作用被认为是通过大肠中的益生元-微生物相互作用发生的。目前改善矿物质吸收和骨骼健康的益生元机制包括改变肠道微生物群落组成、产生短链脂肪酸、改变肠道 pH 值、生物标志物修饰和免疫系统调节。虽然大多数现有数据都支持改善矿物质生物利用度，但新出现的证据表明了微生物的替代作用和复杂的肠道-骨骼信号轴的存在。总的来说，目前的科学文献支持将益生元的摄入作为改善骨骼健康和/或预防骨折的一种具有成本效益和可持续性的方法。本综述的目的是讨论益生元、矿物质代谢和骨骼健康领域的基础研究和最新研究。
