Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Oct 8;15(10):2191. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15102191.
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is carcinogenic and highly concentrated in rice. Dietary exposure to iAs is concerning among adolescents due to their developmental stage and iAs's long-latency effects. This paper aimed to assess iAs exposure from rice and related lifetime cancer risks (LCR) among adolescents in Kunming, China. A comprehensive literature review of iAs levels in rice and LCR in humans was also conducted. Average daily consumption of rice (ADC) was estimated from 267 adolescents (15⁻18 years). Rice samples obtained from 6 markets were analyzed for iAs concentration (AC). Estimated daily intake (EDI) of iAs was calculated using ADC, AC, and average body weight (BW). Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) was calculated using EDI and U.S. EPA derived iAs oral slope factor. The AC was 0.058 mg/kg and the average BW and ADC were 67.5 kg and 410 g/day for males and 55.5 kg and 337 g/day for females. The EDI and LCR were 3.52 × 10 mg/kg-BW/day and 5.28 × 10 for both males and females, with LCR 5 times above the U.S. LCR upper limit of 1.0 × 10. While the AC was below the Chinese maximum contaminant level of 0.2 mg/kg, study results indicated that Kunming adolescents may be at increased risk for iAs-related cancers.
无机砷（iAs）具有致癌性，且在大米中高度浓缩。由于青少年处于发育阶段，且 iAs 的潜伏期较长，因此他们通过饮食摄入 iAs 的情况令人担忧。本研究旨在评估中国昆明青少年通过食用大米摄入 iAs 的情况以及由此导致的终生癌症风险（LCR）。此外，还对大米中 iAs 水平和人类 LCR 的相关文献进行了全面综述。通过对 267 名 15-18 岁青少年的调查，估计了他们的平均每日大米摄入量（ADC）。从 6 个市场采集的大米样本用于分析 iAs 浓度（AC）。使用 ADC、AC 和平均体重（BW）计算 iAs 的估计日摄入量（EDI）。使用 EDI 和美国环保署（EPA）推导的 iAs 口服斜率因子计算终生癌症风险（LCR）。AC 为 0.058 毫克/千克，平均 BW 和 ADC 分别为男性 67.5 千克和 410 克/天，女性 55.5 千克和 337 克/天。男性和女性的 EDI 和 LCR 分别为 3.52×10 mg/kg-BW/天和 5.28×10，LCR 是美国 LCR 上限 1.0×10 的 5 倍。尽管 AC 低于中国 0.2 毫克/千克的最大污染物限量，但研究结果表明，昆明青少年可能面临更高的 iAs 相关癌症风险。
