The University of Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
Kelman Scientific, Peregian Beach, QLD 4573, Australia.
Vet Microbiol. 2017 Oct;210:8-16. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.019. Epub 2017 Aug 30.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and worldwide cause of serious and often fatal disease in dogs, despite the widespread availability of vaccines. Which vaccine-related factors are associated with vaccination failure is largely unknown, and there are no reports from Australia. In this study - the first national population-level CPV study of its kind ever conducted - we analysed data on 594 cases of apparent CPV vaccination failure reported from an Australian national surveillance system to determine whether vaccine strain, type or administration protocol are risk factors for vaccination failures. The strain of CPV used in vaccine manufacture was not significantly associated with vaccination failure in clinical practice. The vaccine type (killed versus attenuated vaccine) for puppies diagnosed with CPV was associated with a lower mean age at time of vaccination (P=0.0495). The age at administration of the last CPV vaccination a puppy received prior to presenting with disease was a significant (P=0.0334) risk factor for vaccination failure, irrespective of whether the vaccine was marketed for a 10-week or 12-week or greater vaccination finish protocol. There was also a strong negative correlation between age at last vaccination prior to disease and vaccination failure (P<0.0001): the later a puppy received this last vaccination, the lower the risk of vaccination failure. This supports the hypothesis that the use of final vaccination in puppies at less than 16 weeks of age predisposes to vaccination failure and warrants a final age for vaccination recommendation to be at least 16 weeks for all canine parvovirus vaccines, especially in outbreak situations. The large number of cases identified in this study confirms that CPV vaccination failure is occurring in Australia. Veterinarians should consider CPV as a differential diagnosis in cases with appropriate clinical presentation, regardless of the reported vaccination status of the dog.
犬细小病毒 (CPV) 是一种高度传染性的病毒，在全球范围内导致犬只患上严重甚至致命的疾病，尽管疫苗广泛可用。哪些疫苗相关因素与疫苗接种失败有关，在很大程度上尚不清楚，澳大利亚也没有相关报告。在这项研究中——这是首次在全国范围内进行的犬细小病毒疫苗接种失败的研究——我们分析了来自澳大利亚国家监测系统报告的 594 例犬细小病毒疫苗接种失败病例的数据，以确定疫苗株、类型或接种方案是否为疫苗接种失败的风险因素。在临床实践中，疫苗制造中使用的 CPV 毒株与疫苗接种失败无显著相关性。用于幼犬的疫苗类型（灭活疫苗与弱毒疫苗）与接种时的平均年龄较低相关（P=0.0495）。在出现疾病之前，幼犬最后一次接受 CPV 疫苗接种的年龄是一个重要的（P=0.0334）疫苗接种失败的风险因素，无论疫苗的接种完成方案是 10 周、12 周还是更长。在发病前最后一次接种疫苗与疫苗接种失败之间也存在强烈的负相关关系（P<0.0001）：幼犬接受最后一次接种的时间越晚，疫苗接种失败的风险越低。这支持了以下假设，即在幼犬 16 周龄以下使用最后一次疫苗接种会导致疫苗接种失败，因此建议所有犬细小病毒疫苗的最后一次接种年龄至少为 16 周，尤其是在爆发情况下。本研究中确定的大量病例证实 CPV 疫苗接种失败在澳大利亚正在发生。兽医在遇到具有适当临床表现的病例时，应考虑将 CPV 作为鉴别诊断，无论犬只的报告接种状态如何。
