Smeele Zoe E, Ainley David G, Varsani Arvind
The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
HT Harvey and Associates, Los Gatos, CA 95032, USA.
Virus Res. 2018 Jan 2;243:91-105. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.017. Epub 2017 Oct 27.
The Antarctic, sub-Antarctic islands and surrounding sea-ice provide a unique environment for the existence of organisms. Nonetheless, birds and seals of a variety of species inhabit them, particularly during their breeding seasons. Early research on Antarctic wildlife health, using serology-based assays, showed exposure to viruses in the families Birnaviridae, Flaviviridae, Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae circulating in seals (Phocidae), penguins (Spheniscidae), petrels (Procellariidae) and skuas (Stercorariidae). It is only during the last decade or so that polymerase chain reaction-based assays have been used to characterize viruses associated with Antarctic animals. Furthermore, it is only during the last five years that full/whole genomes of viruses (adenoviruses, anelloviruses, orthomyxoviruses, a papillomavirus, paramyoviruses, polyomaviruses and a togavirus) have been sequenced using Sanger sequencing or high throughput sequencing (HTS) approaches. This review summaries the knowledge of animal Antarctic virology and discusses potential future directions with the advent of HTS in virus discovery and ecology.
南极、亚南极岛屿及周边海冰为生物的生存提供了独特的环境。尽管如此，多种鸟类和海豹栖息于此，尤其是在它们的繁殖季节。早期对南极野生动物健康的研究，采用基于血清学的检测方法，发现海豹（海豹科）、企鹅（企鹅科）、海燕（鹱科）和贼鸥（贼鸥科）中存在感染双链RNA病毒科、黄病毒科、疱疹病毒科、正粘病毒科和副粘病毒科病毒的情况。直到大约过去十年，基于聚合酶链反应的检测方法才被用于鉴定与南极动物相关的病毒。此外，直到过去五年，病毒（腺病毒、环病毒、正粘病毒、乳头瘤病毒、副粘病毒、多瘤病毒和披膜病毒）的全基因组才通过桑格测序或高通量测序（HTS）方法进行了测序。这篇综述总结了南极动物病毒学的知识，并讨论了随着高通量测序技术在病毒发现和生态学中的应用而可能出现的未来发展方向。
