Douglawi Antoin, Masterson Timothy A
Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Transl Androl Urol. 2017 Oct;6(5):785-790. doi: 10.21037/tau.2017.05.19.
Penile cancer is a rare neoplasm representing less than 1% of all malignancies in the USA and Europe but is a significant public health hazard in the developing world. Male neonatal circumcision has been associated with a dramatic decrease in penile cancer rates with countries such as Israel, where circumcision is widely performed, having the lowest incidence in the world at <0.1% of malignancies. Many risk factors have been identified for penile cancer including phimosis, lack of circumcision, obesity, lichen sclerosis, chronic inflammation, smoking, UVA phototherapy, socioeconomic status, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and immune compromised states. The relationship between these factors and invasive disease varies and continues to be investigated. Our objective was to present a contemporary overview of the epidemiology and risk factors for invasive penile cancer.
阴茎癌是一种罕见的肿瘤，在美国和欧洲占所有恶性肿瘤的比例不到1%，但在发展中国家却是重大的公共卫生危害。男性新生儿包皮环切术与阴茎癌发病率的显著下降有关，在以色列等广泛开展包皮环切术的国家，阴茎癌发病率是世界上最低的，占恶性肿瘤的比例不到0.1%。已确定阴茎癌的许多风险因素，包括包茎、未行包皮环切术、肥胖、硬化性苔藓、慢性炎症、吸烟、紫外线A光疗、社会经济地位、人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染和免疫功能低下状态。这些因素与浸润性疾病之间的关系各不相同，仍在研究中。我们的目的是对浸润性阴茎癌的流行病学和风险因素进行当代概述。
