Casaletto Kaitlin B, Heaton Robert K
1Department of Neurology,University of California,San Francisco,California.
2Department of Psychiatry,University of California,San Diego,California.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2017 Oct;23(9-10):778-790. doi: 10.1017/S1355617717001060.
Neuropsychological assessment tools are the staple of our field. The development of standardized metrics sensitive to brain-behavior relationships has shaped the neuropsychological questions we can ask, our understanding of discrete brain functions, and has informed the detection and treatment of neurological disorders. We identify key turning points and innovations in neuropsychological assessment over the past 40-50 years that highlight how the tools used in common practice today came to be. Also selected for emphasis are several exciting lines of research and novel approaches that are underway to further probe and characterize brain functions to enhance diagnostic and treatment outcomes. We provide a brief historical review of different clinical neuropsychological assessment approaches (Lurian, Flexible and Fixed Batteries, Boston Process Approach) and critical developments that have influenced their interpretation (normative standards, cultural considerations, longitudinal change, common metric batteries, and translational assessment constructs). Lastly, we discuss growing trends in assessment including technological advances, efforts to integrate neuropsychology across disciplines (e.g., primary care), and changes in neuropsychological assessment infrastructure. Neuropsychological assessment has undergone massive growth in the past several decades. Nonetheless, there remain many unanswered questions and future challenges to better support measurement tools and translate assessment findings into meaningful recommendations and treatments. As technology and our understanding of brain function advance, efforts to support infrastructure for both traditional and novel assessment approaches and integration of complementary brain assessment tools from other disciplines will be integral to inform brain health treatments and promote the growth of our field. (JINS, 2017, 23, 778-790).
神经心理学评估工具是我们这个领域的主要手段。对脑-行为关系敏感的标准化指标的发展，塑造了我们能够提出的神经心理学问题、我们对离散脑功能的理解，并为神经系统疾病的检测和治疗提供了依据。我们确定了过去40 - 50年神经心理学评估中的关键转折点和创新，这些突出了当今常见实践中使用的工具是如何形成的。还重点介绍了几个令人兴奋的研究方向和新方法，这些研究正在进一步探究和描述脑功能，以提高诊断和治疗效果。我们简要回顾了不同的临床神经心理学评估方法（鲁利亚法、灵活与固定成套测验法、波士顿过程法）以及影响其解释的关键发展（规范性标准、文化考量、纵向变化、通用指标成套测验以及转化评估结构）。最后，我们讨论评估领域不断发展的趋势，包括技术进步、跨学科整合神经心理学的努力（如初级保健）以及神经心理学评估基础设施的变化。在过去几十年里，神经心理学评估经历了巨大的发展。尽管如此，仍有许多未解决的问题和未来挑战，以更好地支持测量工具，并将评估结果转化为有意义的建议和治疗方法。随着技术和我们对脑功能的理解不断进步，支持传统和新型评估方法的基础设施建设以及整合来自其他学科的互补性脑评估工具的努力，对于为脑健康治疗提供信息和促进我们这个领域的发展将至关重要。（《神经心理学报》，2017年，第23卷，第778 - 790页）
