1Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety,The University of Milan,Via Trentacoste 2,20134 Milan,Italy.
2Università telematica San Raffaele Roma,Via di Val Cannuta 247,00166 Rome,Italy.
Animal. 2018 Oct;12(10):2156-2170. doi: 10.1017/S175173111700355X. Epub 2018 Jan 8.
The aim of this review is to focus the attention on the nutrition ecology of the heavy metals and on the major criticisms related to the heavy metals content in animal feeds, manure, soil and animal-origin products. Heavy metals are metallic elements that have a high density that have progressively accumulated in the food chain with negative effects for human health. Some metals are essential (Fe, I, Co, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Se) to maintain various physiological functions and are usually added as nutritional additives in animal feed. Other metals (As, Cd, F, Pb, Hg) have no established biological functions and are considered as contaminants/undesirable substances. The European Union adopted several measures in order to control their presence in the environment, as a result of human activities such as: farming, industry or food processing and storage contamination. The control of the animal input could be an effective strategy to reduce human health risks related to the consumption of animal-origin products and the environmental pollution by manure. Different management of raw materials and feed, animal species as well as different legal limits can influence the spread of heavy metals. To set up effective strategies against heavy metals the complex interrelationships in rural processes, the widely variability of farming practices, the soil and climatic conditions must be considered. Innovative and sustainable approaches have discussed for the heavy metal nutrition ecology to control the environmental pollution from livestock-related activities.
本次综述的目的是重点关注重金属的营养生态学，以及与动物饲料、粪便、土壤和动物源性产品中重金属含量相关的主要批评意见。重金属是密度较高的金属元素，它们在食物链中逐渐积累，对人类健康产生负面影响。有些金属（如铁、碘、钴、锌、铜、锰、钼、硒）是维持各种生理功能所必需的，通常作为营养添加剂添加到动物饲料中。其他金属（如砷、镉、氟、铅、汞）则没有确定的生物学功能，被视为污染物/有害物质。由于人类活动（如农业、工业或食品加工和储存污染），欧盟采取了多项措施来控制其在环境中的存在。控制动物投入可能是减少人类因食用动物源性产品和粪便污染环境而面临的健康风险的有效策略。不同的原材料和饲料管理、动物种类以及不同的法律限制都会影响重金属的传播。为了制定针对重金属的有效策略，必须考虑农村过程中的复杂相互关系、广泛的农业实践变异性、土壤和气候条件。针对与畜牧业相关的活动造成的环境污染，已经讨论了重金属营养生态学的创新和可持续方法。
