Faculté de Médecine, Département of Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, and Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
Chronic Viral Illness Service, Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H3H 2R9, Canada.
Viruses. 2018 Feb 6;10(2):65. doi: 10.3390/v10020065.
Myeloid cells such as monocytes, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MΦ) are key components of the innate immune system contributing to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and the development/resolution of immune responses to pathogens. Monocytes and DC, circulating in the blood or infiltrating various lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, are derived from distinct bone marrow precursors and are typically short lived. Conversely, recent studies revealed that subsets of tissue resident MΦ are long-lived as they originate from embryonic/fetal precursors that have the ability to self-renew during the life of an individual. Pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) highjack the functions of myeloid cells for viral replication (e.g., MΦ) or distal dissemination and cell-to-cell transmission (e.g., DC). Although the long-term persistence of HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T-cells during viral suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) is well documented, the ability of myeloid cells to harbor replication competent viral reservoirs is still a matter of debate. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biology of monocytes and DC during homeostasis and in the context of HIV-1 infection and highlights the importance of future studies on long-lived resident MΦ to HIV persistence in ART-treated patients.
髓系细胞，如单核细胞、树突状细胞 (DC) 和巨噬细胞 (MΦ)，是先天免疫系统的关键组成部分，有助于维持组织内稳态以及对病原体的免疫反应的发展/解决。循环于血液或浸润各种淋巴和非淋巴组织中的单核细胞和 DC 来源于不同的骨髓前体，通常寿命较短。相反，最近的研究表明，组织驻留 MΦ的亚群是长寿的，因为它们起源于胚胎/胎儿前体，这些前体具有在个体生命过程中自我更新的能力。艾滋病毒 1 型 (HIV-1) 等病原体劫持髓系细胞的功能进行病毒复制（例如，MΦ）或远端扩散和细胞间传播（例如，DC）。尽管在病毒抑制性抗逆转录病毒治疗 (ART) 期间 CD4+T 细胞中的 HIV 储库长期持续存在已得到充分证实，但髓系细胞能够容纳具有复制能力的病毒储库仍然存在争议。这篇综述总结了关于单核细胞和 DC 在稳态以及 HIV-1 感染背景下的生物学的最新知识，并强调了未来对长寿驻留 MΦ 的研究对 ART 治疗患者中 HIV 持续存在的重要性。
