Shakhatreh Muhamad Ali K, Khabour Omar F, Alzoubi Karem H, Masadeh Majed M, Hussein Emad I, Bshara George N
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Irbid, Jordan.
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
Int J Gen Med. 2018 Feb 2;11:47-54. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S150553. eCollection 2018.
Waterpipe smoking is a global health problem and a serious public concern. Little is known about the effects of waterpipe smoking on oral health. In the current study, we examined the alterations of oral microbial flora by waterpipe smoking.
One hundred adult healthy subjects (59 waterpipe smokers and 41 non-smokers) were recruited into the study. Swabs were taken from the oral cavity and subgingival regions. Standard culturing techniques were used to identify types, frequency, and mean number of microorganisms in cultures obtained from the subjects.
It was notable that waterpipe smokers were significantly associated with a history of oral infections. In subgingiva, and species were present only in waterpipe smokers. In addition, the frequency of was higher in the subgingiva of waterpipe smokers ( = 0.023) while the frequency of was significantly lower in the subgingiva of waterpipe smokers ( = 0.036). However, no change was observed in other tested bacteria, such as species; Viridans group streptococci, , and . In oral cavity and when colony-forming units were considered, the only bacterial species that showed significant difference were the black-pigmented bacteria ( < 0.001).
This study provides evidence indicating that some of the oral microflora is significantly altered by waterpipe smoking.
水烟吸食是一个全球性的健康问题，也是一个严重的公共关切。关于水烟吸食对口腔健康的影响知之甚少。在本研究中，我们检测了水烟吸食引起的口腔微生物群落的变化。
招募了100名成年健康受试者（59名水烟吸食者和41名非吸烟者）参与本研究。从口腔和龈下区域采集拭子。采用标准培养技术鉴定从受试者获得的培养物中的微生物类型、频率和平均数量。
值得注意的是，水烟吸食者与口腔感染史显著相关。在龈下，[具体菌种1]和[具体菌种2]仅存在于水烟吸食者中。此外，[具体菌种3]在水烟吸食者龈下的频率较高（P = 0.023），而[具体菌种4]在水烟吸食者龈下的频率显著较低（P = 0.036）。然而，在其他检测的细菌中未观察到变化，如[具体菌种5]；草绿色链球菌、[具体菌种6]和[具体菌种7]。在口腔中，当考虑菌落形成单位时，唯一显示出显著差异的细菌种类是黑色色素细菌（P < 0.001）。
本研究提供的证据表明，水烟吸食会使一些口腔微生物群落发生显著改变。
