Three-Factor Structure of the eHealth Literacy Scale Among Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Outpatients: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

BACKGROUND

Electronic health (eHealth) literacy is needed to effectively engage with Web-based health resources. The 8-item eHealth literacy scale (eHEALS) is a commonly used self-report measure of eHealth literacy. Accumulated evidence has suggested that the eHEALS is unidimensional. However, a recent study by Sudbury-Riley and colleagues suggested that a theoretically-informed three-factor model fit better than a one-factor model. The 3 factors identified were awareness (2 items), skills (3 items), and evaluate (3 items). It is important to determine whether these findings can be replicated in other populations.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to verify the three-factor eHEALS structure among magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) medical imaging outpatients.

METHODS

MRI and CT outpatients were recruited consecutively in the waiting room of one major public hospital. Participants self-completed a touchscreen computer survey, assessing their sociodemographic, scan, and internet use characteristics. The eHEALS was administered to internet users, and the three-factor structure was tested using structural equation modeling.

RESULTS

Of 405 invited patients, 87.4% (354/405) were interested in participating in the study, and of these, 75.7% (268/354) were eligible. Of the eligible participants, 95.5% (256/268) completed all eHEALS items. Factor loadings were 0.80 to 0.94 and statistically significant (P<.001). All reliability measures were acceptable (indicator reliability: awareness=.71-.89, skills=.78-.80, evaluate=.64-.79; composite reliability: awareness=.89, skills=.92, evaluate=.89; variance extracted estimates: awareness=.80, skills=.79, evaluate=.72). Two out of three goodness-of-fit indices were adequate (standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)=.038; comparative fit index (CFI)=.944; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=.156). Item 3 was removed because of its significant correlation with item 2 (Lagrange multiplier [LM] estimate 104.02; P<.001) and high loading on 2 factors (LM estimate 91.11; P<.001). All 3 indices of the resulting 7-item model indicated goodness of fit (χ=11.3; SRMR=.013; CFI=.999; RMSEA=.011).

CONCLUSIONS

The three-factor eHEALS structure was supported in this sample of MRI and CT medical imaging outpatients. Although further factorial validation studies are needed, these 3 scale factors may be used to identify individuals who could benefit from interventions to improve eHealth literacy awareness, skill, and evaluation competencies.