Rajão Daniela S, Pérez Daniel R
Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
Front Microbiol. 2018 Feb 6;9:123. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00123. eCollection 2018.
Influenza virus infections pose a significant threat to public health due to annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Influenza is also associated with significant economic losses in animal production. The most effective way to prevent influenza infections is through vaccination. Current vaccine programs rely heavily on the vaccine's ability to stimulate neutralizing antibody responses to the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. One of the biggest challenges to an effective vaccination program lies on the fact that influenza viruses are ever-changing, leading to antigenic drift that results in escape from earlier immune responses. Efforts toward overcoming these challenges aim at improving the strength and/or breadth of the immune response. Novel vaccine technologies, the so-called universal vaccines, focus on stimulating better cross-protection against many or all influenza strains. However, vaccine platforms or manufacturing technologies being tested to improve vaccine efficacy are heterogeneous between different species and/or either tailored for epidemic or pandemic influenza. Here, we discuss current vaccines to protect humans and animals against influenza, highlighting challenges faced to effective and uniform novel vaccination strategies and approaches.
由于每年的季节性流行以及偶尔爆发的大流行，流感病毒感染对公众健康构成重大威胁。流感还会给动物生产带来巨大经济损失。预防流感感染的最有效方法是接种疫苗。当前的疫苗计划严重依赖疫苗刺激针对血凝素（HA）蛋白产生中和抗体反应的能力。有效疫苗接种计划面临的最大挑战之一在于流感病毒不断变化，导致抗原漂移，从而使病毒逃避早期免疫反应。克服这些挑战的努力旨在提高免疫反应的强度和/或广度。新型疫苗技术，即所谓的通用疫苗，专注于刺激针对多种或所有流感毒株的更好的交叉保护。然而，为提高疫苗效力而正在测试的疫苗平台或生产技术在不同物种之间存在差异，并且/或者是针对流行性或大流行性流感量身定制的。在此，我们讨论当前用于保护人类和动物免受流感侵害的疫苗，强调有效且统一的新型疫苗接种策略和方法所面临的挑战。
