Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
Nutritional Sciences Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
Prev Med. 2018 Jun;111:151-162. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.031. Epub 2018 Mar 6.
Taxes on sugary drinks are being implemented to prevent chronic diseases. Sugar-sweetened milk has been exempt from such policies because of its nutritional value. This systematic review sought to examine whether flavored milk consumption was associated with milk and energy intake, and obesity among children. A search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the grey literature was conducted for peer-reviewed publications published before June 6, 2016 that met the following criteria: 1) English-language publications 2) studies of children ages 1 to 18 years, 3) controlled experimental, cohort, case-control, systematic reviews, or meta-analysis studies 4) dependent variable: flavored milk consumption 5) independent variable: weight, weight gain, weight change, body mass index, metabolic syndrome, waist circumference, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, serum glucose, calories, sugar, or milk consumed. Of 3978 studies identified, 13 met inclusion criteria. Ten studies were experimental and three were longitudinal cohort studies. Eleven studies found that flavored milk increased overall milk intake, five of seven studies that examined energy intake showed that flavored milk increased energy intake, and one of three studies that assessed obesity outcomes demonstrated an increase in weight gain with flavored milk consumption. Only one study was a randomized controlled trial, most studies had high bias, and over half were industry-funded or did not disclose funding. Although flavoring milk may increase milk intake, added sugars may promote increased energy intake. More data regarding flavored milk's impact on health is needed to inform its role in sugary drink policies.
含糖饮料征税是为了预防慢性病。由于其营养价值，含糖牛奶已被此类政策豁免。本系统评价旨在研究调味牛奶的消费是否与儿童的牛奶和能量摄入以及肥胖有关。对 PubMed、EMBASE、Cochrane、CINAHL、Web of Science、Cochrane 对照试验中心注册库和灰色文献进行了检索，以查找 2016 年 6 月 6 日之前发表的符合以下标准的同行评议文献：1）英语出版物；2）1 至 18 岁儿童的研究；3）对照实验、队列、病例对照、系统评价或荟萃分析研究；4）因变量：调味牛奶消费；5）自变量：体重、体重增加、体重变化、体重指数、代谢综合征、腰围、胆固醇、甘油三酯、血压、血清葡萄糖、卡路里、糖或消耗的牛奶。在确定的 3978 项研究中，有 13 项符合纳入标准。10 项研究为实验性研究，3 项为纵向队列研究。11 项研究发现，调味牛奶增加了整体牛奶摄入量，7 项研究中 5 项表明，能量摄入增加了能量摄入，3 项研究中 1 项评估肥胖结果表明，饮用调味牛奶会增加体重增加。只有一项研究是随机对照试验，大多数研究存在高偏倚，超过一半的研究是由行业资助的，或没有披露资金来源。虽然调味牛奶可能会增加牛奶的摄入量，但添加的糖可能会增加能量的摄入。需要更多关于调味牛奶对健康影响的数据，以告知其在含糖饮料政策中的作用。
