WorldFish, Batu Maung, 11960 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia;
Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Mar 20;115(12):2958-2963. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1716530115. Epub 2018 Mar 5.
Food production is a major driver of global environmental change and the overshoot of planetary sustainability boundaries. Greater affluence in developing nations and human population growth are also increasing demand for all foods, and for animal proteins in particular. Consequently, a growing body of literature calls for the sustainable intensification of food production, broadly defined as "producing more using less". Most assessments of the potential for sustainable intensification rely on only one or two indicators, meaning that ecological trade-offs among impact categories that occur as production intensifies may remain unaccounted for. The present study addresses this limitation using life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify six local and global environmental consequences of intensifying aquaculture production in Bangladesh. Production data are from a unique survey of 2,678 farms, and results show multidirectional associations between the intensification of aquaculture production and its environmental impacts. Intensification (measured in material and economic output per unit primary area farmed) is positively correlated with acidification, eutrophication, and ecotoxicological impacts in aquatic ecosystems; negatively correlated with freshwater consumption; and indifferent with regard to global warming and land occupation. As production intensifies, the geographical locations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, acidifying emissions, freshwater consumption, and land occupation shift from the immediate vicinity of the farm to more geographically dispersed telecoupled locations across the globe. Simple changes in fish farming technology and management practices that could help make the global transition to more intensive forms of aquaculture be more sustainable are identified.
食品生产是全球环境变化和超越行星可持续性边界的主要驱动因素。发展中国家的日益富裕和人口增长也增加了对所有食品的需求，尤其是对动物蛋白的需求。因此，越来越多的文献呼吁实现食品生产的可持续集约化，广义上定义为“用更少的资源生产更多的产品”。大多数对可持续集约化潜力的评估仅依赖于一两个指标，这意味着随着生产集约化的进行，可能会忽略生态系统在各影响类别之间的权衡。本研究使用生命周期评估（LCA）来量化孟加拉国水产养殖生产集约化的六个本地和全球环境后果，解决了这一局限性。生产数据来自对 2678 个农场的独特调查，结果表明，水产养殖生产集约化及其环境影响之间存在多向关联。集约化（以单位养殖初级面积的物质和经济产出来衡量）与水产养殖生态系统的酸化、富营养化和生态毒性影响呈正相关；与淡水消耗呈负相关；与全球变暖和土地占用无关。随着生产的集约化，温室气体（GHG）排放、酸化排放、淡水消耗和土地占用的地理位置从农场的附近地区转移到更广泛分散的全球远程耦合地点。确定了一些简单的鱼类养殖技术和管理措施的改变，可以帮助实现向更集约化的水产养殖形式的全球过渡更加可持续。
