Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , 637371.
College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University , Fuzhou , Fujian 350116 , China.
Bioconjug Chem. 2018 Apr 18;29(4):838-851. doi: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00103. Epub 2018 Mar 20.
In terms of the extremely small size and large specific surface area, nanomaterials often exhibit unusual physical and chemical properties, which have recently attracted considerable attention in bionanotechnology and nanomedicine. Currently, the extensive usage of nanotechnology in medicine holds great potential for precise diagnosis and effective therapeutics of various human diseases in clinical practice. However, a detailed understanding regarding how nanomedicine interacts with the intricate environment in complex living systems remains a pressing and challenging goal. Inspired by the diversified membrane structures and functions of natural prototypes, research activities on biomimetic and bioinspired membranes, especially for those cloaking nanosized platforms, have increased exponentially. By taking advantage of the flexible synthesis and multiple functionality of nanomaterials, a variety of unique nanostructures including inorganic nanocrystals and organic polymers have been widely devised to substantially integrate with intrinsic biomoieties such as lipids, glycans, and even cell and bacteria membrane components, which endow these abiotic nanomaterials with specific biological functionalities for the purpose of detailed investigation of the complicated interactions and activities of nanomedicine in living bodies, including their immune response activation, phagocytosis escape, and subsequent clearance from vascular system. In this review, we summarize the strategies established recently for the development of biomimetic membrane-cloaked nanoplatforms derived from inherent host cells (e.g., erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and exosomes) and invasive pathogens (e.g., bacteria and viruses), mainly attributed to their versatile membrane properties in biological fluids. Meanwhile, the promising biomedical applications based on nanoplatforms inspired by diverse moieties, such as selective drug delivery in targeted sites and effective vaccine development for disease prevention, have also been outlined. Finally, the potential challenges and future prospects of the biomimetic membrane-cloaked nanoplatforms are also discussed.
就极其微小的尺寸和巨大的比表面积而言，纳米材料通常表现出异常的物理和化学性质，这在生物纳米技术和纳米医学中最近引起了相当大的关注。目前，纳米技术在医学中的广泛应用为临床实践中各种人类疾病的精确诊断和有效治疗提供了巨大的潜力。然而，对于纳米医学如何与复杂生命系统中错综复杂的环境相互作用，人们仍然知之甚少，这是一个紧迫而具有挑战性的目标。受天然原型多样化膜结构和功能的启发，仿生和生物灵感膜的研究活动，特别是那些包覆纳米级平台的膜，呈指数级增长。通过利用纳米材料的灵活合成和多功能性，已经广泛设计了各种独特的纳米结构，包括无机纳米晶体和有机聚合物，以与内在生物分子（如脂质、聚糖，甚至细胞和细菌膜成分）充分整合，这使这些非生物纳米材料具有特定的生物学功能，目的是详细研究纳米医学在活体中的复杂相互作用和活性，包括其免疫反应激活、吞噬作用逃避以及随后从血管系统中的清除。在这篇综述中，我们总结了最近为开发源自固有宿主细胞（如红细胞、白细胞、血小板和外泌体）和侵袭性病原体（如细菌和病毒）的仿生膜包覆纳米平台而建立的策略，主要归因于它们在生物流体中的多功能膜特性。同时，还概述了基于多种分子（如靶向部位的选择性药物递送和疾病预防的有效疫苗开发）启发的纳米平台的有前途的生物医学应用。最后，还讨论了仿生膜包覆纳米平台的潜在挑战和未来前景。
