National Center of Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP) Madrid, Spain.
PLoS One. 2018 May 15;13(5):e0196380. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196380. eCollection 2018.
The present study aimed to assess the nutritional status, the dietary patterns and its associated factors in the HIV-infected population of children and adolescents on antiretroviral treatment at the El Salvador reference center for pediatric HIV care (CENID).
A cross-sectional survey was carried out between December 2010 and December 2011. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were collected from 307 children and adolescents aged 2-18 years and receiving antiretroviral therapy. Nutritional status was assessed by height-for-age, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age. Dietary data was collected through a 24 hour recall, and through a weekly food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis. Bivariate and multivariable statistical methods were used to assess the factors associated with "high adherence" to the "healthy diet" pattern.
More than a third of the study group (33.2%) were stunted, 3.3% were identified as being wasted, and 10% were overweight or obese. Their diets were predominantly based on a high consumption of cereals, beans, eggs and processed foods and a low consumption of fruits, vegetables and dairy products. Three dietary patterns were identified: "healthy diet", "high fat/sugar diet" and "low diversity diet". Being female (OR: 1.63; 95%CI: 0.97-2.75), younger (OR: 2.37; 95%CI: 1.28-4.36) and institutionalized (OR: 14.5; 95%CI: 5.35-39.50) increased the odds to adhere to the "healthy diet" pattern.
Our findings reveal a high prevalence of stunting and overweight in HIV-infected children in El Salvador. Institutionalized children were more likely to adhere to a healthy dietary pattern whereas children in poverty were more likely to have less varied and healthy diets. These results highlight the need to assess the dietary patterns of HIV-infected children and adolescents in order to guide public policies to design healthy life style interventions for this population at risk.
本研究旨在评估接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的 HIV 感染儿童和青少年的营养状况、饮食模式及其相关因素，该研究在萨尔瓦多儿科 HIV 护理参考中心（CENID）进行。
本研究为 2010 年 12 月至 2011 年 12 月进行的横断面调查。从 307 名年龄在 2-18 岁且接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的儿童和青少年中收集了社会人口统计学和临床特征。通过身高与年龄、体重与身高以及体重指数与年龄的比值来评估营养状况。通过 24 小时回忆和每周食物频率问卷收集饮食数据。通过主成分分析识别饮食模式。使用单变量和多变量统计方法评估与“健康饮食”模式“高依从性”相关的因素。
研究组中超过三分之一（33.2%）的儿童存在发育迟缓，3.3%的儿童存在消瘦，10%的儿童超重或肥胖。他们的饮食主要以谷物、豆类、鸡蛋和加工食品的高消耗为基础，水果、蔬菜和奶制品的低消耗为基础。确定了三种饮食模式：“健康饮食”、“高脂肪/高糖饮食”和“低多样性饮食”。女性（OR：1.63；95%CI：0.97-2.75）、年龄较小（OR：2.37；95%CI：1.28-4.36）和机构化（OR：14.5；95%CI：5.35-39.50）增加了坚持“健康饮食”模式的几率。
我们的研究结果显示，萨尔瓦多 HIV 感染儿童中发育迟缓与超重的发病率较高。机构化的儿童更有可能遵循健康的饮食模式，而贫困的儿童更有可能饮食不够多样化和健康。这些结果强调了评估 HIV 感染儿童和青少年饮食模式的必要性，以便为这一高危人群设计健康生活方式干预措施提供指导。
