Okuhara Tsuyoshi, Ishikawa Hirono, Kato Mio, Okada Masafumi, Kiuchi Takahiro
Department of Health Communication, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
School of Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
Heliyon. 2018 Apr 20;4(4):e00609. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00609. eCollection 2018 Apr.
Influenza vaccine coverage among the Japanese population is less than optimal. Anti-vaccination sentiment exists worldwide, and Japan is no exception. Anti-influenza vaccination activists argue on the internet that influenza vaccine has little or no efficacy and a high risk of side effects, and they warn that people should forgo vaccination. We conducted a qualitative analysis to explore beliefs underlying the messages of anti-influenza vaccination websites, by focusing on the perceived value these beliefs provide to those who hold them.
We conducted online searches in January 2017 using two major Japanese search engines (Google Japan and Yahoo! Japan). Targeted websites were classified as "pro", "anti", or "neutral" depending on their claims. We applied a dual analytic approach-inductive thematic analysis and deductive interpretative analysis-to textual data of the anti websites.
Of the 113 anti websites, we identified two themes that correspond to beliefs: it is necessary to 1) protect others against risks and exploitation related to influenza vaccination, and 2) educate others about hidden truths and self-determination. Authors of anti websites ascribed two values (people's "safety" and one's own "self-esteem") to their beliefs.
Website authors may engage in anti-vaccination activities because they want to feel they are virtuous, saving people from harm caused by vaccination, and to boost their self-esteem, thinking "I am enlightening uninformed people." The anti-vaccination beliefs of website authors were considered to be strong. In promoting vaccination, it would be better not to target outright vaccine refusers, such as the authors of anti-vaccination websites; it is preferable to target vaccine-hesitant people who are more amenable to changing their attitudes toward vaccination. We discuss possible means of promoting vaccination in that target population.
日本民众的流感疫苗接种率未达最佳水平。全球都存在反疫苗情绪，日本也不例外。反流感疫苗接种活动人士在互联网上宣称流感疫苗几乎没有效果或根本没有效果，而且副作用风险很高，并警告人们应放弃接种疫苗。我们进行了一项定性分析，通过关注这些信念对持有它们的人所提供的感知价值，来探究反流感疫苗接种网站信息背后的信念。
我们于2017年1月使用两个主要的日本搜索引擎（谷歌日本和雅虎日本）进行了在线搜索。根据其主张，将目标网站分为“支持”、“反对”或“中立”三类。我们对反对网站的文本数据应用了双重分析方法——归纳主题分析和演绎解释分析。
在113个反对网站中，我们确定了与信念相对应的两个主题：1）有必要保护他人免受与流感疫苗接种相关的风险和剥削，2）向他人传授隐藏的真相和自我决定权。反对网站的作者将两种价值（人们的“安全”和自己的“自尊”）归因于他们的信念。
网站作者可能会参与反疫苗接种活动，因为他们想让自己感觉是善良的，将人们从疫苗接种造成的伤害中拯救出来，并提升自己的自尊，认为“我正在启发无知的人”。网站作者的反疫苗接种信念被认为很强烈。在推广疫苗接种时，最好不要将完全拒绝接种疫苗的人作为目标，比如反疫苗接种网站的作者；最好将那些更容易改变对疫苗接种态度的犹豫接种者作为目标。我们讨论了在该目标人群中促进疫苗接种的可能方法。
