Prehn-Kristensen Alexander, Böhmig Annie, Schult Juliane, Pedersen Anya, Wiesner Christian D, Baving Lioba
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Integrative Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Department of Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2018 Jun 8;9:924. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00924. eCollection 2018.
Sleep fosters the consolidation of rewarded memory representations in adults. However, sleep and its memory-supporting functions change through healthy development, and it is unclear whether sleep benefits the consolidation of rewarded memory representations in children as it does in adults. Based on previous findings, we expected sleep to benefit the consolidation of rewarded memory representations in children more than it does in adults. For that reason, 16 children (7-11 years) and 20 adults (21-29 years) participated in this experiment. During the encoding session, participants were asked to learn the location of 18 object pairs. Thereafter, one-half of the object locations were allocated to a high-rewarded condition and the other half to a low-rewarded condition. In the sleep condition, the encoding session took place in the evening (for children 7-8 pm, for adults 8-9 pm). After a fixed retention interval of 12 h the retrieval session was conducted the next morning (for children 7-8 am, for adults 8-9 am). In the wake condition, the time schedule was the same but reversed: the encoding session started in the morning (for children 7-8 am, for adults 8-9 am), and retrieval took place in the evening (for children 7-8 pm, for adults 8-9 pm). Sleep/wake had no impact on the memory performance regarding the low-rewarded memory items. In contrast, wakefulness in comparison to sleep reduced the memory performance on high-rewarded memory items. The interaction between sleep/wake and the degree of reward on memory performance was only significant in children. These results show that 12 h of wakefulness can deteriorate the memory performance for high-rewarded representations, whereas sleep can prevent the forgetting of these rewarded representations. It is discussed whether ontogenetic changes in sleep may play a role in conserving relevant but fragile memory representation.
睡眠有助于成年人巩固有奖励的记忆表征。然而，睡眠及其记忆支持功能会随着健康发育而变化，目前尚不清楚睡眠是否像对成年人一样对儿童巩固有奖励的记忆表征有益。基于先前的研究结果，我们预计睡眠对儿童巩固有奖励的记忆表征的益处会超过成年人。因此，16名儿童（7至11岁）和20名成年人（21至29岁）参与了本实验。在编码阶段，参与者被要求学习18对物体的位置。此后，一半的物体位置被分配到高奖励条件，另一半被分配到低奖励条件。在睡眠条件下，编码阶段在晚上进行（儿童为晚上7至8点，成年人为晚上8至9点）。经过固定的12小时保留间隔后，第二天上午进行检索阶段（儿童为上午7至8点，成年人为上午8至9点）。在清醒条件下，时间安排相同但顺序相反：编码阶段在上午开始（儿童为上午7至8点，成年人为上午8至9点），检索在晚上进行（儿童为晚上7至8点，成年人为晚上8至9点）。睡眠/清醒对低奖励记忆项目的记忆表现没有影响。相比之下，与睡眠相比，清醒会降低高奖励记忆项目的记忆表现。睡眠/清醒与奖励程度对记忆表现的交互作用仅在儿童中显著。这些结果表明，12小时的清醒会使高奖励表征的记忆表现恶化，而睡眠可以防止这些有奖励表征的遗忘。本文讨论了睡眠的个体发育变化是否可能在保存相关但脆弱的记忆表征中发挥作用。
