Tan Shiang Chiet, Chong Chun Wie, Teh Cindy Shuan Ju, Ooi Peck Toung, Thong Kwai Lin
Institute of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
PeerJ. 2018 Aug 6;6:e5353. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5353. eCollection 2018.
and are ubiquitous opportunistic pathogens found in the guts of humans and farmed animals. This study aimed to determine the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, biofilm-forming ability and genotypes of and from swine farms. Correlations between the genotypes, virulotypes, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors such as locality of farms and farm hygiene practice were explored.
and strains were isolated from the oral, rectal and fecal samples of 140 pigs; nasal, urine and fecal samples of 34 farmers working in the farms and 42 environmental samples collected from seven swine farms located in Peninsular Malaysia. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion method, and the antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis were performed to determine the clonality of the strains. Crosstab/Chi-square test and DistLM statistical analyses methods were used to determine the correlations between the genotypes, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and the environmental factors.
A total of 211 and 42 were recovered from 140 pigs, 34 farmers and 42 environmental samples collected from seven swine farms in Peninsular Malaysia. Ninety-eight percent of the strains were multidrug-resistant (resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin). Fifty-two percent of the strains formed biofilms. Virulence genes IE, , and genes were detected. Virulence genes and I were most prevalent in (90%) and (43%), respectively. Cluster analyses based on REP-PCR and PFGE showed the strains were genetically diverse. Overall, the strains isolated from pigs and farmers were distinct, except for three highly similar strains found in pigs and farmers. The strains were regional- and host-specific.
This study revealed alarming high frequencies of multidrug-resistant enterococci in pigs and swine farmers. The presence of resistance and virulence genes and the ability to form biofilm further enhance the persistence and pathogenicity of the strains. Although the overall clonality of the strains were regionals and host-specific, strains with high similarity were found in different hosts. This study reiterates a need of a more stringent regulation to ensure the proper use of antibiotics in swine husbandry to reduce the wide spread of multidrug-resistant strains.
[具体菌名1]和[具体菌名2]是在人类和养殖动物肠道中普遍存在的机会致病菌。本研究旨在确定马来西亚半岛七个养猪场中[具体菌名1]和[具体菌名2]的发生情况、抗菌药物耐药性、毒力、生物膜形成能力及基因型。探讨了基因型、毒力型、抗生素耐药性与农场位置和农场卫生实践等环境因素之间的相关性。
从140头猪的口腔、直肠和粪便样本、在农场工作的34名农民的鼻腔、尿液和粪便样本以及从马来西亚半岛七个养猪场采集的42份环境样本中分离出[具体菌名1]和[具体菌名2]菌株。采用纸片扩散法进行药敏试验，通过聚合酶链反应检测抗生素耐药基因和毒力基因。进行重复外源性回文聚合酶链反应和脉冲场凝胶电泳以确定菌株的克隆性。使用交叉表/卡方检验和DistLM统计分析方法确定基因型、毒力因子、抗生素耐药性与环境因素之间的相关性。
从马来西亚半岛七个养猪场的140头猪、34名农民和42份环境样本中总共分离出211株[具体菌名1]和42株[具体菌名2]。98%的菌株对多种药物耐药（对氯霉素、四环素、环丙沙星和红霉素耐药）。52%的菌株形成生物膜。检测到毒力基因IE、[具体基因名1]、[具体基因名2]和[具体基因名3]。毒力基因[具体基因名1]和I分别在[具体菌名1]（90%）和[具体菌名2]（43%）中最为普遍。基于REP-PCR和PFGE的聚类分析表明菌株在基因上具有多样性。总体而言，除了在猪和农民中发现的三株高度相似的菌株外，从猪和农民中分离出的菌株是不同的。这些菌株具有区域特异性和宿主特异性。
本研究揭示了猪和养猪农民中多重耐药肠球菌的高频率令人担忧。耐药基因和毒力基因的存在以及形成生物膜的能力进一步增强了菌株的持久性和致病性。尽管菌株的总体克隆性具有区域特异性和宿主特异性，但在不同宿主中发现了高度相似的菌株。本研究重申需要更严格的监管，以确保在养猪业中正确使用抗生素，以减少多重耐药菌株的广泛传播。
