Department of Psychology and Sociology, California State Polytechnic University, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, USA; Department of Linguistics, University of Florida, USA.
Department of Psychology, Indiana University, USA.
Cortex. 2018 Nov;108:50-66. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.009. Epub 2018 Jul 31.
Bilinguals activate both languages when they intend to speak even one language alone (e.g., Kroll, Bobb, & Wodniekca, 2006). At the same time, they are able to select the language they intend to speak and switch back and forth between languages rapidly, with few production errors. Previous research utilizing behavioral (Linck, Kroll, & Sunderman, 2009) and neuroimaging techniques (ERPs and fMRI; Guo, Liu, Misra, & Kroll, 2011; Misra, Guo, Bobb, & Kroll, 2012) suggest that successful bilingual speech production is enabled by active inhibition of the language not in use. Results showing an asymmetric switching cost for the L1 compared to the L2 (with a larger cost -reflected in longer naming latencies-when switching from the L2 to the L1) have been taken as evidence that the L1 (usually the dominant language for bilinguals who learned their second language later in life) may need to be inhibited when speaking in the L2. However, there is still little research on the scope of this inhibitory process. The goal of this event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study is to understand how the recruitment of neural areas implicated during bilingual language processing are shaped by the scope of language use. The results show that bilinguals engage a wide functional control network that is hierarchically engaged in local control for single lexical items, but extends further to the broader semantic level, and finally to the whole language. This functional network is modulated by proficiency in the L2.
双语者在打算单独说一种语言时也会激活两种语言（例如，Kroll、Bobb 和 Wodniekca，2006）。同时，他们能够选择自己打算说的语言，并在语言之间快速切换，很少出现生产错误。先前利用行为（Linck、Kroll 和 Sunderman，2009）和神经影像学技术（ERP 和 fMRI；Guo、Liu、Misra 和 Kroll，2011；Misra、Guo、Bobb 和 Kroll，2012）的研究表明，成功的双语言语产生是通过主动抑制未使用的语言来实现的。与 L2 相比，L1 的不对称切换成本的结果（从 L2 切换到 L1 时，反应时更长，反映出更大的成本）被视为 L1（通常是双语者的主导语言，他们在以后的生活中学习第二语言）在说第二语言时可能需要被抑制的证据。然而，关于这种抑制过程的范围仍然很少有研究。这项事件相关的功能性磁共振成像研究的目的是了解在双语语言处理中涉及的神经区域的招募如何受到语言使用范围的影响。结果表明，双语者使用了广泛的功能控制网络，该网络在局部控制单个词汇项目方面具有层次结构，但进一步扩展到更广泛的语义水平，最后扩展到整个语言。这个功能网络受到 L2 熟练度的调节。
