Eikelboom Tessa, Janssen Ron
1Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
2Spatial Information Laboratory, Department of Spatial Economics, Faculty of Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang. 2017;22(2):247-266. doi: 10.1007/s11027-015-9633-4. Epub 2015 Feb 13.
Spatial planners around the world need to make climate change adaptation plans. Climate adaptation planning requires combining spatial information with stakeholder values. This study demonstrates the potential of geodesign tools as a mean to integrate spatial analysis with stakeholder participation in adaptation planning. The tools are interactive and provide dynamic feedback on stakeholder objectives in response to the application of spatial measures. Different rationalities formed by underlying internalized values influence the reasoning of decision-making. Four tools were developed, each tailored to different rationalities varying between a collective or individual viewpoint and analytical or political arguments. The tools were evaluated in an experiment with four groups of participants that were set around an interactive mapping device: the touch table. To study how local decision-making on adaptation can be supported, this study focuses on a specific case study in the Netherlands. In this case study, multiple different stakeholders need to make spatial decisions on land use and water management planning in response to climate change. The collaborative use of four geodesign tools was evaluated in an interactive experiment. The results show that the geodesign tools were able to integrate the engagement of stakeholders and assessment of measures. The experiment showed that decision-making on adaptation to climate change can benefit from the use of geodesign tools as long as the tool is carefully matched to the rationality that applies to the adaptation issue. Although the tools were tested to support the design of adaptation plans in a Dutch setting, the tools could be used for regional adaptation planning in other countries such as the development of regional adaptation strategies (RAS) as required by the European Union or on a national scale to support developing national adaptation plans of action (NAPAs) as initiated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for least developed countries.
世界各地的空间规划者需要制定气候变化适应计划。气候适应规划要求将空间信息与利益相关者的价值观相结合。本研究展示了地理设计工具作为一种将空间分析与利益相关者参与适应规划相结合的手段的潜力。这些工具具有交互性，并能根据空间措施的应用，就利益相关者的目标提供动态反馈。由内在内化价值观形成的不同合理性影响着决策推理。开发了四种工具，每种工具都针对不同的合理性进行了定制，这些合理性在集体或个人观点与分析或政治论点之间有所不同。在围绕交互式地图设备——触摸桌设置的四组参与者的实验中对这些工具进行了评估。为了研究如何支持地方层面的适应决策，本研究聚焦于荷兰的一个具体案例研究。在这个案例研究中，多个不同的利益相关者需要针对气候变化对土地利用和水资源管理规划做出空间决策。在一个交互式实验中评估了这四种地理设计工具的协同使用情况。结果表明，地理设计工具能够整合利益相关者的参与和措施评估。实验表明，只要工具与适用于适应问题的合理性仔细匹配，利用地理设计工具进行气候变化适应决策就能从中受益。尽管这些工具是在荷兰的背景下进行测试以支持适应计划的设计，但这些工具可用于其他国家的区域适应规划，例如按照欧盟要求制定区域适应战略（RAS），或者在国家层面支持制定由《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC）为最不发达国家发起的国家适应行动计划（NAPA）。
