Choudhry Hani, Nasrullah Md
Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia.
Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit King Fahd Center for Medical Research King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia.
Food Sci Nutr. 2018 Jun 1;6(6):1341-1351. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.694. eCollection 2018 Sep.
Iodine, a dynamic nutrient present in thyroid hormones, is responsible for regulating thyroid function, supporting a healthy metabolism, and aiding growth and development. Iodine is also essential for brain development during specific time windows influencing neurogenesis, neuronal and glial cell differentiation, myelination, neuronal migration, and synaptogenesis. About 1.5 billion people in 130 countries live in areas at risk of iron deficiencies (IDs). Reduced mental ability due to IDs occurs in almost 300 million people. Ensuring the consumption of minimum recommended daily allowances of iodine remains challenging. The effects of ID disorders range from high mortality of fetuses and children to inhibited mental development (cretinism). Poor socioeconomic development and impaired school performance are also notable. Currently, ID disorders are the single greatest contributor to preventable brain damage in fetuses and infants and arrested psychomotor development in children. Iodized salt may help fulfill iodine requirements. Increases in food salt iodization programs can help overcome ID disorders. Dietary plans can be well adjusted to incorporate iodinated foods. Maternal iodine supplementation for offspring requires adequate attention. Fruits, vegetables, bread, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), nuts, seeds, seafood, lean meats and poultry, and soy products provide small quantities of iodine. Nutrient-dense foods containing essential vitamins and minerals such as iodine may confer positive effects. To some extent, fortified foods and daily dietary supplements can be provided for different nutrients including iodine; otherwise, iodine may be consumed in less than the recommended amounts. This review focuses on aspects of adequate iodine consumption to avoid cognitive impairments.
碘是甲状腺激素中的一种动态营养素，负责调节甲状腺功能，维持健康的新陈代谢，并促进生长发育。在影响神经发生、神经元和神经胶质细胞分化、髓鞘形成、神经元迁移和突触形成的特定时间窗口内，碘对大脑发育也至关重要。130个国家约有15亿人生活在有缺铁风险的地区。缺铁导致智力下降的人数近3亿。确保摄入最低推荐每日碘摄入量仍然具有挑战性。缺铁性疾病的影响范围从胎儿和儿童的高死亡率到智力发育受抑制（克汀病）。社会经济发展不佳和学习成绩受损也很明显。目前，缺铁性疾病是胎儿和婴儿可预防脑损伤以及儿童精神运动发育停滞的最大单一因素。加碘盐可能有助于满足碘需求。增加食盐加碘项目有助于克服缺铁性疾病。饮食计划可以很好地调整，以纳入含碘食物。为后代补充母体碘需要给予充分关注。水果、蔬菜、面包、鸡蛋、豆类（如豆子和豌豆）、坚果、种子、海鲜、瘦肉和家禽以及豆制品都含有少量碘。含有碘等必需维生素和矿物质的营养密集型食物可能会带来积极影响。在一定程度上，可以为包括碘在内的不同营养素提供强化食品和每日膳食补充剂；否则，碘的摄入量可能低于推荐量。本综述重点关注充足碘摄入以避免认知障碍的相关方面。
