MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
J Youth Adolesc. 2019 Mar;48(3):469-483. doi: 10.1007/s10964-018-0928-0. Epub 2018 Sep 27.
Research on parental rearing dimensions faced ethnocentric criticism for mainly focusing on adolescents in Western industrialized countries. Over the past decade, the phenomenon of anxious parenting, so called "helicopter parenting", gained attention in popular media as well as scholarly publications in addition to support and psychological control. Whether these parenting dimensions, which were associated with different health outcomes in adolescents, were only occurring in the Western world or are visible cross-culturally, has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, it is unclear whether these links exist also for adolescents from other parts of the world. Additionally, the involvement of fathers in child rearing continues to be neglected in adolescent psychopathology research. The current cross-cultural study tested the association of maternal and paternal rearing dimensions with youth internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in a sample of 2415 adolescents (56% female, 15.33 years, SD = 0.61) from eight countries (Argentina, France, Germany, Greece, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, and Turkey). Hierarchical regression models showed that internalizing symptomatology was associated with mothers' support, psychological control, and anxious rearing as well as fathers' psychological control up and above predictors like country and mother's level of education. For predicting externalizing symptomatology, mother's anxious rearing, mother's psychological control, and father's support as well as father's psychological control were significant up and above adolescents' gender, standard of living, and country. To conclude, across countries, anxious rearing and psychological control experienced from both parents were substantially linked with adolescent mental health.
父母教养维度的研究受到了种族中心主义的批评，主要是因为这些研究集中在西方工业化国家的青少年身上。在过去的十年中，焦虑型教养（所谓的“直升机式教养”）除了支持和心理控制之外，在大众媒体和学术出版物中也受到了关注。这些与青少年不同健康结果相关的教养维度，是否仅在西方世界存在，或者是否在跨文化中可见，尚未得到充分研究。因此，尚不清楚这些关联是否也存在于来自世界其他地区的青少年中。此外，父亲在育儿中的参与在青少年精神病理学研究中继续被忽视。本项跨文化研究在来自 8 个国家（阿根廷、法国、德国、希腊、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、波兰和土耳其）的 2415 名青少年（56%为女性，15.33 岁，SD=0.61）样本中测试了母亲和父亲教养维度与青少年内化和外化精神病理学之间的关联。分层回归模型显示，内化症状与母亲的支持、心理控制和焦虑型教养以及父亲的心理控制有关，而与国家和母亲的教育水平等预测因素无关。对于预测外化症状，母亲的焦虑型教养、母亲的心理控制、父亲的支持以及父亲的心理控制都是显著的，而青少年的性别、生活水平和国家则无关。总之，在不同国家，父母双方的焦虑型教养和心理控制与青少年的心理健康密切相关。
